tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41564649469100552012024-03-05T00:14:06.159-08:00info of artist biographyInternet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-30070429125097989142011-03-13T16:28:00.000-07:002011-04-16T11:04:10.921-07:00Queen Ana de Sousa Nzinga Mbande of Ndongo (Angola)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMgd72hi76ZZXjTYojPgvJ3XUcSVU7XI_emRToy5bxvNcDSUVZCnu9-ZN2dAOvhwjjC3d4t0qkd9hkz4tkN1uw_mzfWeq46U6VYphVohf3A5UD-beJbvi7KW2vw_pZ6eacotel4iekhWo/s1600/Photo+of+Queen+Nzinga+of+Angola.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMgd72hi76ZZXjTYojPgvJ3XUcSVU7XI_emRToy5bxvNcDSUVZCnu9-ZN2dAOvhwjjC3d4t0qkd9hkz4tkN1uw_mzfWeq46U6VYphVohf3A5UD-beJbvi7KW2vw_pZ6eacotel4iekhWo/s320/Photo+of+Queen+Nzinga+of+Angola.jpg" width="296" /></a></div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><b>Image: Queen Nzinga of Angola (<i>circa</i> b: 1581 - d. Dec. 17, 1663)</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>A brief account of the life and times of one of the earliest recorded African warrior queens, Queen Nzinga (aka Nzinga; Dona Ana de Sousa; Ana de Souza; Zhinga; N'Zhinga; Jinga; Ngola Ana Nzinga Mbande), renowned for her strategic military tactics and political and diplomatic intelligence.</i></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;">Born as Princess Nzinga among the Mbundu (Ambundu) group of the Ndongo Kingdom in the central west Africa region now known as Angola. Her father was Ngola Kilajua, the word 'Ngola' referring to the title of the ruling chief, which later developed into the national name for the region. Her mother reportedly had no blood ties to the royal family within the landed chieftain system. Nzinga had one brother, Ngola Mbandi, and two sisters, Kifunji and Mukambu. Though she resisted Portuguese colonial occupation of central west Africa for over four decades, she officially ruled Ndongo from 1624-1626 and 1657-1663.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">The earliest European record of Nzinga was a report of her inclusion in her brother's envoy to an 1622 peace conference before the Portuguese's Luanda governor João Correia de Sousa. Luanda is an Atlantic coastal city, the largest city in Angola and the country's capital. An historical account of the conference includes the famous tale of Correia de Sousa's not offering Nzinga a chair, instead placing a floor mat before her to sit. In an 1690 book, the Italian priest Giovanni Antonio Cavazzi, in attendance at the court, memorialized the scene in an engraving whereby Nzinga asserts her status by sitting on the back of a maid servant within her royal envoy during the course of the negotiations. </div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ9gDpUvITc_vMHPdhc0X0TA2GHlP0t9Kg-mTS_xOGyI1_18QciDEqSF6Xhayqu_PMFc0jUCDVDg07waREcynA5rCdxWyz6EobHACf5A3OpV_9LF2xkXU8HfVrIPSegNucJQEL5LgMpxg/s1600/Queen+Nzinga+of+Angola+Matamba+Africa+Giovanni+Antonio+Cavazzi+before+Portuguese+Governor.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ9gDpUvITc_vMHPdhc0X0TA2GHlP0t9Kg-mTS_xOGyI1_18QciDEqSF6Xhayqu_PMFc0jUCDVDg07waREcynA5rCdxWyz6EobHACf5A3OpV_9LF2xkXU8HfVrIPSegNucJQEL5LgMpxg/s320/Queen+Nzinga+of+Angola+Matamba+Africa+Giovanni+Antonio+Cavazzi+before+Portuguese+Governor.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><blockquote><b>Image: Giovanni Antonio Cavazzi, Istorica Descrizione de' Tre Regni Congo, Matamba, et Angola (Milan, 1690), p. 437 Cavazzi writes the Queen's name as 'Zingha'. (Copy in the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University) </b></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;">Though a treaty was signed with the Portuguese at this peace conference it was never honored by them. They soon hired the Imbangala (aka Mbangala) to fight against the Ndongo Kingdom as they pushed to capture slaves to further their national slave trading export interests to the so-called New World. Prior to Nzinga's birth, the Portuguese had settled along the southern part of the Congo River and began moving up the Kwanza River Valley in search of slaves and gold. According to historical reports, the Imbangala in the 17th century mostly comprised bands of pillaging warriors native to this regions, founders of the kingdom of Kasanje. They aided the Portuguese colonial campaigns as early as those of Luis Mendes de Vasconcelos in 1618. The Imbangala's historical marauding customs were reportedly abandoned by the late seventeenth century.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMB5CEU56uTnscTI3nBxts_LOlB58DBD8uVmp6_YyZmQKrX3q1B-qcKq8t8ZFXyZAGp3uUKdDTyuyAiM6prT-Nqv3BDFXO1YkZ1ALy9IPMH06aGc0ikNcwoDxY1PUnql1LxG_DGzhAuAg/s1600/Photo+of+Luanda%252C+Ndongo+region+now+part+of+Angola.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMB5CEU56uTnscTI3nBxts_LOlB58DBD8uVmp6_YyZmQKrX3q1B-qcKq8t8ZFXyZAGp3uUKdDTyuyAiM6prT-Nqv3BDFXO1YkZ1ALy9IPMH06aGc0ikNcwoDxY1PUnql1LxG_DGzhAuAg/s320/Photo+of+Luanda%252C+Ndongo+region+now+part+of+Angola.gif" width="256" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>Map: main region of military battles between Kingdom of Ndongo and Portuguese in Angola</b></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">The Mbundu tradition prohibited women rulers, so upon Nzinga's brother's death she became regent to his son Kiza, but soon convinced the Portuguese to support her bid to the throne. In 1622, she was baptized and took the Christian name Ana, the surname of the Luanda governor de Sousa and the Portuguese title Dona. Hence Princess Nzinga became known as Dona Ana de Sousa in a political move to help secure her succession to the Ndongo Kingdom throne. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Portuguese began negotiating directly with Nzinga. The arrival of Fernão de Sousa in 1624 started with discussions with her, but because she was not submissive to the Portuguese ended with her ouster from Kidonga. That same year she is reported to refer to herself as "Rainha de Andongo" (Queen of Andongo). After the Portuguese ouster, Nzinga continued fighting against the Portguese while in exile. She fled east but reclaimed the island in 1627. She was again driven out by the Portuguese in 1629, the year her sister was captured by their military forces. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">By 1641, Nzinga had entered into was is noted by commentors as the first African-European alliance against another European nations when she entered into negotiations with the Dutch. In 1646 her army defeated the Portuguese at Davanga, but her other sister was captured. By 1647 her alliance with the Dutch was fruitful in the seizure of Masangano from the Portuguese. In 1648 her army retreated to Matamba, a pre-colonial African Kingdom located in what is now the Baixa de Cassange region of Malanje Province of modern day Angola. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsFzzfzsXsv827t0PzFH87_ISBBRPwuFSdoePGZmH661iEoQjpF5L-HzmvQCdZ1egMU3o9f8lLhNvRaorSfyNo2r5DH-jOToGNM3MzDn_cTl0_0qXg_L4E-Vi0Mkr1bigJUMFcr4rTJwo/s1600/Photo+of+Statue+of+Queen+Njinga+in+Luanda%252C+Angola+on+the+Kinaxixi+Square.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsFzzfzsXsv827t0PzFH87_ISBBRPwuFSdoePGZmH661iEoQjpF5L-HzmvQCdZ1egMU3o9f8lLhNvRaorSfyNo2r5DH-jOToGNM3MzDn_cTl0_0qXg_L4E-Vi0Mkr1bigJUMFcr4rTJwo/s320/Photo+of+Statue+of+Queen+Njinga+in+Luanda%252C+Angola+on+the+Kinaxixi+Square.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Photo: Statue of Queen Nzinga in Luanda, Angola on the Kinaxixi Square</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In an 1657 speech, Queen Nzinga reportedly stated to her army that an alliance with the Imbangala was then a necessary evil in the military war against the Portuguese. In the same year, however, she signed a peace treaty with the Portuguese. She had fought against the their colonial and slave raiding attacks for decades. Queen Nzinga died on December 17, 1663 at the age of 80. Unfortunately, her death accelerated Portuguese colonial occupation, as well as their Atlanta slave trade activities in central west Africa.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0KX6BaIE4MYAl5bcUX3Yp_i1EQ66TCgABcHPiKLfC80aJl-_BxzA6C4qeTJ14dJBkbAAhU_Hoi45SY3Tz5fEbo0crD95RjY1pFyHjcDseDhxX73L8hK_Laje8VvN2MChuJx56Z8fWQoI/s1600/Photo+of+Luanda+Angola.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0KX6BaIE4MYAl5bcUX3Yp_i1EQ66TCgABcHPiKLfC80aJl-_BxzA6C4qeTJ14dJBkbAAhU_Hoi45SY3Tz5fEbo0crD95RjY1pFyHjcDseDhxX73L8hK_Laje8VvN2MChuJx56Z8fWQoI/s320/Photo+of+Luanda+Angola.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>Photo: modern day aerial view of Luanda, Angola</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">palm sunday rci record store day fulltilt poker evangeline lilly irginia tech talladega online poker gears of war 3 beta poker news nikki reed cluster bombs ihop pokerstars arca reaper days inn royal wedding coachella directv</span><i><b> </b> </i></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-29859081180605384002011-03-07T14:04:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.545-07:00Abd al Rahman Ibrahima Ibn Sori: From Guinea to the Mississippi Delta<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpcTmlLhHlrGO8FBPT4zm4-af04YceRsrbbSItf_ydh98B4_2GrFcO_PzcyY0B7hMHFTLfpTfyv3C9DDuYKRqz7QOxKr8x0WqyTpmenUEAVRyRHvSQSvpxh2cs-KDQNVPttPMEqLX9gVc/s1600/Drawing+of+Abdul+rahman+Ibrahim+Ibn+Sori.+The+Arabic+inscription+reads+His+name+is+Abd+al-Rahman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpcTmlLhHlrGO8FBPT4zm4-af04YceRsrbbSItf_ydh98B4_2GrFcO_PzcyY0B7hMHFTLfpTfyv3C9DDuYKRqz7QOxKr8x0WqyTpmenUEAVRyRHvSQSvpxh2cs-KDQNVPttPMEqLX9gVc/s1600/Drawing+of+Abdul+rahman+Ibrahim+Ibn+Sori.+The+Arabic+inscription+reads+His+name+is+Abd+al-Rahman.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Image: Abd al Rahman Ibrahima Ibn Sori (<i>aka</i> Abdul Rahman Ibrahim and The Prince) </b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>(Born: 1762 - Died: 1829)</b></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1762, Abd al Rahman Ibrahima Ibn Sori was born within a royal family, son of King Sori, in the village of Timbo in what is today known as the Republic of Guinea in the region of Fouta Djallon (<i>aka</i> Futa Jalon, <i>lit.</i> "the land of the Fulbe and Jalunke"). Ibrahima was born among the Fulbe (<i>aka</i> Fulani, Fula, Fullah, Foulah, sing. Poulas, Peul, Pullo) of the Timbo region. The Fulbe were primarily muslim cattle herders in this West African mountainous region where the Niger river rises and runs eastward. In fact, Guinea's mountains are the source of the Niger, Gambia and Senegal rivers, with its highest point at Mount Nimba. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzUXbh1QUzX7SUl6qcvlefLU8jdAYAvURwDi2DFpTRINR0_oa28VjDE6h6qROTDz5OQTSZQXOnTzlVAsT8GeiUEhMr2W8Jys-hn_Ly6h7F2YL7W5qMXQo-cI3ieUwrfg0OGwmazWWFWoo/s1600/Photo+of+Fouta+Djallon+Guinea+West+Africa.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzUXbh1QUzX7SUl6qcvlefLU8jdAYAvURwDi2DFpTRINR0_oa28VjDE6h6qROTDz5OQTSZQXOnTzlVAsT8GeiUEhMr2W8Jys-hn_Ly6h7F2YL7W5qMXQo-cI3ieUwrfg0OGwmazWWFWoo/s320/Photo+of+Fouta+Djallon+Guinea+West+Africa.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Today the cool, mountainous Fouta Djallon region runs roughly </b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>north-south through the middle of the Republic of Guinea.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to the book <i>Prince Among Slaves</i>, written by Professor Terry Alford, the non-muslim Jalunke was the majority tribal group within the region where Ibrahima was born. According to Prof. Alford, conflict within the ethnically pluralistic Fulbe-Jalunke society occurred when the Jalunke leadership announced a declaration forbidding public prayer. Karamoko Alfa, the leading Fulbe cleric, declared jihad against the Jalunke for what was deemed a direct afront to Islam. A ceremonial slashing open of the Fulbe farmer's drums marked the beginning of this great West African war. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>From Fouta Djallon to the Mississippi Delta</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">By 1788, at the age of 26, Ibrahima was a military leader within the Fulbe army when he was reportedly ambushed, captured and sold to slave traders. Ibrahima was shipped to the United States where he was eventually sold to a Natchez, Mississippi slaver by the name of Thomas Foster. Ibrahima's knowledge of agriculture operations and his leadership skills made him a central figure on Foster's cotton plantation. By 1794, Ibrahima married Isabella, also enslaved on the Foster plantation and would have five sons and four daughters. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As the story goes, one day Ibrahima was recognized by an Irish surgeon, Dr. John Cox, who had traveled to Timbo during his shipping ventures with an English ship. Cox was aided by Ibrahima's family for six months when he was stranded and fell ill in the Fouta Djallon region. Cox asked Foster to sell Ibrahima to him so that he could free him for return to his West African homeland. Mr. Foster refused. Cox petitioned vigorously on Ibrahima's behalf until his dead in 1816. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1826, a letter Ibrahima wrote in Arabic addressed to his family in West Africa was picked up by Andrew Marschalk, a local newsman who sent a copy to the federal capital in Washington D.C., to the attention of U.S. Senator Thomas Reed. Reed forwarded the correspondence to the U.S. Consulate in Morocco, assuming that Ibrahima was a Moor. Though Ibrahima was not a Moroccan citizen, Sultan of Morocco Abderrahmane was touched by his story and petitioned U.S. President John Quincy Adams to release Ibrahima from the institution of slavery. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Prince Among Slaves Returns to West Africa</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1828, Henry Clay, then U.S. Secretary of State, interceded on behalf of "The Prince", the name given Ibrahima by Natchez, Mississippi residents. Foster stipulated that he would grant Ibrahima's legal release from slavery only if he left without his family and returned to Africa. Despite the Ibrahimas' public speaking efforts to raise enough money to purchase freedom for their nine children before leaving for Africa, they raised only half of the money Foster required for the purchase. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">At age 66, after 40 years in slavery, Ibrahima sailed to Monrovia, Liberia in 1828. He caught a fever and died at the age of 67, never making it to his native village in the Fouta Djallon. His wife Isabella was reunited with two sons and their families whose freedom and transport was financed by the Ibrahimas' funds. The remaining family in Mississippi was inherited by Foster's heirs and scattered across the South before further efforts could be made on their behalf. To his legacy, Ibrahima left behind the narrative of his full story, a rare gem within the legacy of the early colonial history of Africans in America.</div><br /><b><i>For further references:</i></b><br /><br /><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=B0012M1KXG&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=019532045X&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-53029149449240117712011-02-25T11:31:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.548-07:00Black History Network Mixer in Los Angeles<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrAaZwhA2Ts1UIXcMG4ktteqcI77YAtPxY7QuMjJt5Wsif6z7e7-I0gjODb9tPBuuKxGDdtXHnJFXTF-a1XdZxbWW5Ehb7u01OLBgF2E4t7UgIL91u4Z44F_3IE1nTk5UTFenv6pHhMl4/s1600/Photo+of+Oviatt_Building_Entrance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" l6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrAaZwhA2Ts1UIXcMG4ktteqcI77YAtPxY7QuMjJt5Wsif6z7e7-I0gjODb9tPBuuKxGDdtXHnJFXTF-a1XdZxbWW5Ehb7u01OLBgF2E4t7UgIL91u4Z44F_3IE1nTk5UTFenv6pHhMl4/s1600/Photo+of+Oviatt_Building_Entrance.jpg" /></a></div><strong></strong><br /><blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>The 2011 Black History Network Mixer was held on February 24, 2011 at the Cicada Club, the historic 1928 art deco James Oviatt Building, an architectural design gem in downtown L.A. (entrance shown). </strong></div></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmzBkKlPi5FwOI77HUMY3R85Itu9e9ZBYunn5BC7e3-cB_cHu3PN6_x_rJjOgzGSPHwsBFvjqASA_3rrjoGehxE6pKaT1g7KIfomuyS8RGVsIU7MbXTdH21BuHqOXHdT7I8E9g6M8Bhww/s1600/black+history+network+mixer+in+los+angeles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="91" l6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmzBkKlPi5FwOI77HUMY3R85Itu9e9ZBYunn5BC7e3-cB_cHu3PN6_x_rJjOgzGSPHwsBFvjqASA_3rrjoGehxE6pKaT1g7KIfomuyS8RGVsIU7MbXTdH21BuHqOXHdT7I8E9g6M8Bhww/s320/black+history+network+mixer+in+los+angeles.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />L.A.'s Black History Network Mixer was the co-sponsored event of the following five organizations: <br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="http://www.labmba.org/"><span style="color: #38761d;"><strong>National Black MBA Association, Los Angeles Chapter</strong></span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.langstonbar.org/"><span style="color: #38761d;"><strong>John M. Langston Bar Association of Los Angeles</strong></span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.laul.org/yp/"><span style="color: #38761d;"><strong>Los Angeles Urban League Young Professionals</strong></span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.nabsp.com/nabsp/"><span style="color: #38761d;"><strong>National Association of Black Sports Professionals</strong></span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.nabainc.org/"><span style="color: #38761d;"><strong>National Association of Black Accountants, Inc.</strong></span></a></li></ul><br />During the course of the evening, the mixer drew a huge turn out among LA.'s black professionals. Attendees included Langston Bar Association President Gilda Clift Breland, Esq. The Langston Bar Association's 2011 theme under Breland's leadership is timely described as "Advocating for Citizens of the World." <br /><br /><div></div>Linda R. Roseborough, president of the<strong> </strong><a href="http://www.blogger.com/"><strong><span style="color: #38761d;">California Association of Black Lawyers</span></strong></a> (CABL), was also in attendance at the mixer. Roseborough spread the word regarding CABL's 34th Annual Conference that will be held Thursday, April 28th through Sunday, May 1st, 2011 at the Omni Hotel in downtown L.A. Many of the attorneys in attendance were excited that this annual conference of the state's black lawyers will be hosted in Los Angeles, California. </div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-37310944947526394242011-02-20T13:05:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.550-07:00Professor George Wilberforce Kakoma and the Uganda National Anthem<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG9jmpY_m-hkGlG70NCrw-PLxLSGrSIkeCBAKlDVS3SUfUkiHI8gK-Ld0XJwTIBMjlZRXNz2bxzdneeX70s2jPFMqZTKNLm3OEtWlm7uuzK2HVx73K3NVJ3tI07Y-IT6L9prTFM6rCQ7M/s1600/Photo+of+Professor+George+Wilberforce+Kakoma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG9jmpY_m-hkGlG70NCrw-PLxLSGrSIkeCBAKlDVS3SUfUkiHI8gK-Ld0XJwTIBMjlZRXNz2bxzdneeX70s2jPFMqZTKNLm3OEtWlm7uuzK2HVx73K3NVJ3tI07Y-IT6L9prTFM6rCQ7M/s1600/Photo+of+Professor+George+Wilberforce+Kakoma.jpg" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in; text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><b>Prof. George Wilberforce Kakoma, musical composer of Uganda's national anthem</b></span></b></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br /><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The exact date of George Wilberforce Kakoma's birth is not clear, but it’s believed that he was born between 1923 and 1925 in the Southern District of Masaka in Uganda and is a Muganda by tribe. Kakoma is credited with composing the national anthem of the Republic of Uganda.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is something to be said about the role of a national anthem in galvanizing the spirit of a people newly formed as a nation. This is especially true for African nations during the period of rapid European decolonization. Kakoma's work is an example of the powerful role of music in developing national traditions and creating a sense of unity among people from diverse cultural backgrounds.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">From 1894 to 1962, Uganda was ruled by Britain, which means it used to hoist the British </span><span style="color: black;">Union Jack and used to sing </span>the British National Anthem. As the struggle for independence intensified in Uganda, it became clear that the country was going to attain independence from the British Colonial masters and would need both a national anthem or a national flag that embodied its independence.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAX0LiQ-uNhIv-5dye9o4iXFDkr0UJ3x_d3O1W-AmrcHa5TuAKXAeYebq3DfoHs-8AFTlwXTFX0oXT4YA8NdQrrW7G-GUhED5J9fpzpLyCiYHOiNHd-j-VbqQeq3g2-RV9A2E0l3_52a8/s1600/Photo+of+National+Flag+of+Uganda.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAX0LiQ-uNhIv-5dye9o4iXFDkr0UJ3x_d3O1W-AmrcHa5TuAKXAeYebq3DfoHs-8AFTlwXTFX0oXT4YA8NdQrrW7G-GUhED5J9fpzpLyCiYHOiNHd-j-VbqQeq3g2-RV9A2E0l3_52a8/s320/Photo+of+National+Flag+of+Uganda.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>Image of national flag of Uganda</b></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prior to independence, a subcommittee for the creation of national anthem was set up. It was one of the three sub-committees established to deal with Uganda’s national symbols. </span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Professor Senteza Kajubi was the chairman of the committees. The sub-committee organized a country-wide publicity campaign for original compositions. Ugandans were encouraged to submit their pieces. </span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“The compositions had to be short, original, solemn, praising and looking forward to the future,” said Professor Kajubi.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Many people participated in the music competition but the committee was not satisfied. Prof. Kajubi decided to seek help from George Wilberforce Kakoma, then a renowned inspector of schools and a music teacher in Masaka District to “save” the committee because they did not have a national anthem. </span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzqeiRTahtr9pk-Ak0PflLXtxXBW52WQfjmA-ZLwAU_49GiTMk-Bch3fxrUFVdm2KeMtljGAq2XdvfLGukVoZh0XhUe7RbUHEdwnRSWG9cv-UXNylWjZSjxlZ4VqrkPd79fMgGgOBPu8w/s1600/Professor++Kakoma+composer+of+the+Music+of+the+Uganda+National+Anthem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzqeiRTahtr9pk-Ak0PflLXtxXBW52WQfjmA-ZLwAU_49GiTMk-Bch3fxrUFVdm2KeMtljGAq2XdvfLGukVoZh0XhUe7RbUHEdwnRSWG9cv-UXNylWjZSjxlZ4VqrkPd79fMgGgOBPu8w/s320/Professor++Kakoma+composer+of+the+Music+of+the+Uganda+National+Anthem.jpg" width="255" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><b>Photo: Professor George Wilberforce Kakoma</b></span></b></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">According to Kakoma, a strange tune rang continuously in his head at night, disrupting his sleep. He decided to wake up and put pen to paper.</span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“I sat down and looked through what I had ciphered during the night hours. I worked on those ideas till midday.” </span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0.02in; margin-top: 0.02in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The events leading to the composition of the anthem were summarized in the 2008 case filed by Prof George William Kakoma, then a graduate of Trinity College of Music and professor at the Durham University in London, <span style="font-size: small;"><i>Prof. George W. Kakoma v. The Attorney General</i></span><span style="font-size: small;"> (Civil Suit No.197 Of 2008) [2010] UGHC 40 (30 July 2010). Kakoma</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> sued the government of Uganda for not rewarding his efforts up to the time of the case filing and the non payment of royalties arising from the playing of the national anthem. The case in part provided the following:</span></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That early in 1962 an open competition for the composing of our National Anthem was advertised.</span></i></li><li><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That no conditions were attached to the would-be winning entry.</span></i></li><li><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That his was declared the winner.</span></i></li><li><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That he was given a token of Shs.2,000/= as a mark of appreciation.</span></i></li><li><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That a year or two later, the government realizing this was copyright material, wrote asking him to surrender his copyright to them.</span></i></li><li><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That he referred the matter to his lawyers who responded and wrote back to the Government demanding a fee of 5000 only before he could sign off his copyright. That the political turmoil that followed left the matter unsettled until Idi Amin’s regime came to power.</span></i></li><li><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That in January 1975 he went into self-exile with his family and taught at Kenyatta University until NRA government came to power in 1986, when there was the chance to have the matter raised again.</span></i></li><li><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That the Ministry of Justice took up the matter and presented a Cabinet Memo which was turned down on a flimsy ground that compensating him would create a precedent.</span></i></li></ol><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The melody was composed by Prof. Kakoma but the lyrics (or words) were composed by Peter Wyngard, Kakoma’s personal friend and a lecturer at Makerere Institute of Education.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The development and resolution of this legal case in Uganda's courts also demonstrates important developments of the application of the rule of law generally, and the recognition of intellectual property rights specifically, in Uganda.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="290" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/saRuTA2a59c" title="YouTube video player" width="380"></iframe></span></div><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><b>The National Anthem of Uganda</b></span><span style="color: black;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: black;"><b><br /></b></span><i></i></span><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal;"><i></i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Oh Uganda may God uphold thee,</i></span></i></i></div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></i><br /><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>We lay our future in thy hand,</i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>United free for liberty</i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Together we’ll always stand.</i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Oh Uganda the land of freedom,</i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Our love and labour we give,</i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>And with neighbours all,</i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>At our country’s call</i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>In peace and friendship we’ll live</i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Oh Uganda the land that feeds us,</i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>By sun and fertile soil grown,</i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>For our own dear land,</i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>We shall always stand,</i></span></i></div><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><i>The pearl of Africa’s crown</i></span><span style="color: black;">.</span></span></i></div></blockquote><div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With special thanks, this post has been prepared in great part by <b>Moses G. Byaruhanga, Esq.</b>, Advocate/Attorney at Bar, <b><a href="http://shonubimusoke.co.ug/">Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Advocates</a></b> in Uganda.</span></div></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-44053413071085774412011-02-09T15:06:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.554-07:00Henri Christophe of Haiti: King of the First Black Republic in the West<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyQZuNoIo4_oTfTnCkf8EFOXIuqr6H6DZcAbVo2DvyX4J00zmd3KqiMixj1a9vhSM-1XYoC41oeRrg3URYnwdTHeae13hSC5-0ny21UuGo5cW4JQqJRgKqKnAcZC4OStKHIYiIivHEj8Y/s1600/Photo+of+Henri+Christophe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyQZuNoIo4_oTfTnCkf8EFOXIuqr6H6DZcAbVo2DvyX4J00zmd3KqiMixj1a9vhSM-1XYoC41oeRrg3URYnwdTHeae13hSC5-0ny21UuGo5cW4JQqJRgKqKnAcZC4OStKHIYiIivHEj8Y/s320/Photo+of+Henri+Christophe.jpg" width="227" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Painting of Henri Christophe, First King of the Republic of Haiti </b><br /><b>(b. October 8, 1767 – d. October 8, 1820). </b></div><br />Little is known about Henri Christophe's (<i>English</i>: Henry Christopher ) boyhood. A great number of commentators report that he was born on Grenada island, a small nation in the Caribbean’s Lesser Antilles, and was the son of a freeman. His father, also named Christophe, was reportedly transported from West African or Central West Africa to Saint Domingue, the former French colony now known as Haiti.<br /><br /><b>The Early Adult Life of Henri Christophe</b><br /><br />In 1779, Christophe served with the Franch Forces as a drummer boy with a regiment described as<i> gens de couleur</i> (<i>English</i>: people of color or color people) in the American Revolution. The <i>gens de couleur</i> regiment fought at the Siege of Savannah at what is now the State of Georgia. Nine years later, in 1788, Georgia would become the fourth State admitted into the original thirteen colonies of the United States of America. France had lent troop assistance to the revolutionaries against England during the American Revolution. <br /><br />After the American Revolution, Christophe returned to Saint Domingue where he is reported to have worked as a billiard-maker, mason, sailor, stable-hand and waiter. He also managed a hotel restaurant in Cap-Français, then the capital of Saint-Domingue, that served the wealthy French slave-holders from the surrounding plantations.<br /><br /><b>Enslaved Africans at Saint Domingue Defeat France’s Napoleon Bonaparte</b><br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQlRsyopLCNTOYdAx03bOlA3-fBAi0y1ClQEPFw9VAufzvbJ8VQgLrka-PXjBtSTYVyvo-BKmQncg91_Gzvkm4msjMNIu8oSV1owVpx9yFafDO1zlkOV-dCUTnOGxv9YEaa1o-yixCnp8/s1600/Photo+of+Henri+Christophe+Henry+Christopher+Haiti+Revolution+King+President.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQlRsyopLCNTOYdAx03bOlA3-fBAi0y1ClQEPFw9VAufzvbJ8VQgLrka-PXjBtSTYVyvo-BKmQncg91_Gzvkm4msjMNIu8oSV1owVpx9yFafDO1zlkOV-dCUTnOGxv9YEaa1o-yixCnp8/s320/Photo+of+Henri+Christophe+Henry+Christopher+Haiti+Revolution+King+President.jpg" width="284" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>Image of Brigadier General Henri Christophe of Haiti</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div>By August 1791, the Africans at Saint Domingue had rebelled against their condition under France's tyranny of chattel slavery. The name they would adopt for their new nation would be "Haiti", a word translated from the language of the native inhabitants as "land of mountains".<b> </b><br /><br /><b></b>Christophe distinguished himself in the Haitian Revolution. While not as widely known as François-Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture -- the great military leader that secured native control over Saint-Domingue from the France by 1797 -- Henri Christophe had distinguished himself by 1802 to become L'Ouverture's brigadier general.<br /><br />Christophe fought alongside L'Ouverture in the north against the French. This included fighting against Spanish, British and French troops, all of whom had a strong interest in suppressing an uprising on the vast slave plantations established by the European colonialist over the Americas and Caribbean.<br /><br />By June 1802, L'Ouverture was captured by agents of Napoleon Bonaparte for France. He was deported from the island to France. The revolution continued, however. After 13 years of military battle between the French colony, the Africans would win their independence in the year 1804. They distinguished themselves in history as the first independent black republic in the West.<br /><br /><b>The North-South Civil War in Haiti: Alexandre Pétion and Henri Christophe</b><br /><br />In 1806, Christophe and the Haitian general Alexandre Pétion overthrew Jean Jacques Dessalines. Subsequently, a short civil war broke out between Christophe and Pétion. By February 1807, Haiti was divided between Christophe whom had clear charge over the North, and Alexander Pétion who led the South of the new country.<br /><br />Christophe was elected president and served in that capacity from 1807 to 1811. On March 26, 1811, Henri proclaimed Haiti a republic nation and himself King, securing the title of Henri I. He served as Haiti's king from 1811 to 1820.<br /><br /><b>Citadelle Laferrière: The Grand Fortress near Cap-Haïtie</b>n<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC3VGf-GbOrj5lsFoMTiqK_La_MhOBpW5veUijD2qkKn7QO61ywNs0GIxAxZu4yPpMiMjKpieI-wv0A37s6hfBZVVfy07osZAHhfd42rM-ZRKrZ2pTnN4ISAq9_u8NPT7uM7q2FmoL1V0/s1600/Photo+of+La+Citadelle+La+Ferriere+in+Haiti+-+legacy+of+king+of+haiti.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC3VGf-GbOrj5lsFoMTiqK_La_MhOBpW5veUijD2qkKn7QO61ywNs0GIxAxZu4yPpMiMjKpieI-wv0A37s6hfBZVVfy07osZAHhfd42rM-ZRKrZ2pTnN4ISAq9_u8NPT7uM7q2FmoL1V0/s320/Photo+of+La+Citadelle+La+Ferriere+in+Haiti+-+legacy+of+king+of+haiti.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Aerial Image of La Citadelle La Ferriere in Haiti. A legacy of King Henri I of Haiti.</b><br /><b>Some pictures are worth more than a thousand words. </b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>Henri Christophe is noted for his policy of construction and economic development in Haiti. Christophe was charged with transforming a slave-based economy into an effective and productive economy of a nation of newly freed people. While he improved the nations' infrastructure he is noted by some of the commentators for his labor policies which involved harsh work conditions and a transfer of a great amount of the wealth being controlled by the republic.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEId3_Bd7cpyB-zc3R0zTNlGVoNQT3fYB_RpDJVdkoBc1ca4HS1J21YlO9ncaGZ6o_PKutD9cd_AMetVEM3CFycRjJEdNVuoHK2O4a-a32AXeu3_LFbsDVg3pQfYguVufgnimtvjNs9Ag/s1600/The+Palace+of+Sans+Souci+was+commissioned+in+1810+and+completed+in+1813.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEId3_Bd7cpyB-zc3R0zTNlGVoNQT3fYB_RpDJVdkoBc1ca4HS1J21YlO9ncaGZ6o_PKutD9cd_AMetVEM3CFycRjJEdNVuoHK2O4a-a32AXeu3_LFbsDVg3pQfYguVufgnimtvjNs9Ag/s320/The+Palace+of+Sans+Souci+was+commissioned+in+1810+and+completed+in+1813.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><b>Photo of the Palace of Sans Souci in Haiti, commissioned by Henry Christophe in 1810 and completed in 1813. </b></blockquote>A trained mason, Christophe is noted for the construction of Sans Souci Palace and the fortress near Cap-Haïtien called Citadelle Laferrière. He also built six notable châteaux and eight palaces in the region. The Citadelle Laferrière is described as one of the great construction wonders of the era. In 1842, a major earthquake destroyed part of the fortress.<br /><br />By 1820, an insurrection had broken out in the northern region of Haiti and Christophe suffered an incapacitating stroke and reportedly shot himself.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCYC4tUtlYVj4NO3IE3Wp8Xo_DUU1JJkmV4NXM5CxG1n0jSnzCYPyJa6nCE9HjpUNHwrIfFKXVFnArQaI7H94uFw4UnpwFi-Q4pNbRLAITNt2GtKlIVaJgJh08ysen0Jc-ZVSaNYca2oU/s1600/Image+of+Henri+Christophe+Statute+in+Port-au-Prince%252C+Haiti.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCYC4tUtlYVj4NO3IE3Wp8Xo_DUU1JJkmV4NXM5CxG1n0jSnzCYPyJa6nCE9HjpUNHwrIfFKXVFnArQaI7H94uFw4UnpwFi-Q4pNbRLAITNt2GtKlIVaJgJh08ysen0Jc-ZVSaNYca2oU/s320/Image+of+Henri+Christophe+Statute+in+Port-au-Prince%252C+Haiti.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Statue of Christophe Henri, King Henri I of Haiti, at Champs de Mars in Port-au-Prince</b></div><br />Today, Christophe is revered as a hero among the Haitians and many within the African diaspora. Christophe's statue was raised at Champs de Mars in Port-au-Prince.</div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-33779673874878635422011-02-04T08:20:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.557-07:00Sojourner Truth: Slavery Abolitionist and Women's Suffragist<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFO_npZv9cicU6jckf5r4hlHn-fQEzDtXQe9j2dWxR1hztIWluq2IV3AlEuNpLFO0c3I5ieUiAhBbuX-b5ST8eChEtkWQBC9M5Hka9615qtbSP9chh_j9lJKJX9pBo45w8rfJTKx_U5Sg/s1600/Photo+of+Sojourner+Truth+Black+History+Heroes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" h5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFO_npZv9cicU6jckf5r4hlHn-fQEzDtXQe9j2dWxR1hztIWluq2IV3AlEuNpLFO0c3I5ieUiAhBbuX-b5ST8eChEtkWQBC9M5Hka9615qtbSP9chh_j9lJKJX9pBo45w8rfJTKx_U5Sg/s1600/Photo+of+Sojourner+Truth+Black+History+Heroes.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong><em>Image of Pamphlet Poster of a Sojourner Truth Lecture </em></strong><br /><strong><em>(aka as Isabella Baumfree, Isabella Bomefree)</em></strong></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong><em></em></strong></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong><em>(Born: cir. 1797 - Died: November 26, 1883)</em></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The exact date of her birth was not recorded. We only know that in the year 1797, among Dutch immigrants settled in the region now known as Ulster County, New York, an African child was born on the estate of Colonel Johannes Hardenbergh. One of 13 children born to Elizabeth and James Baumfree, she was given the name Isabella Baumfree. As the story goes, this name gave her no hint of her mission so years later she renamed herself Sojourner Truth. Her life was a testament to this mission as a truth-teller.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>Early Life of Sojourner Truth among the Hardenberg Dutch Settlers</em></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sojourner Truth's parents, the Baumfrees, were African slaves on the Hardenbergh plantation in Swartekill, New York. She spoke only Dutch until age nine when she was sold from her parents care to one Englishman named John Neely. The harshness of both her Dutch and English slave-masters would be told by Truth in many of her later anti-slavery speeches across the new nation. She underwent a number of transfers between slave-owners and suffered what she described as cruelties that one dare not imagine against a young African girl child enslaved in America.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sojourner Truth and Slave Life in New York</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1815, Truth said she fell in love with Robert, enslaved on a different plantation. The relationship was forbidden by both slavers. The two stole away visits despite the demands that they do no see each other. Robert's slave-master, aided by his son, followed Robert on one visit to see Truth. She reported that Robert sustained "bruising and mangling [of] his head and face" and was dragged away. Truth had a daughter that she named Diane soon thereafter.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">By 1817, Sojourner Truth had been sold to John Dumont of New Paltz, New York. she was forced to marry an older African named Thomas. They had four children: Peter (1822), James (who died young), Elizabeth (1825), and Sophia (1826). Truth said that she continued working for Dumont until she felt she had completed any obligation she may have had to him. </div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKv1RksTVZuLaQi7cfO5aVnfO3yPMV-5XxfPeCC7-GT1iVMEqBBGSLJqO5KsBpbe5_OKlXR7w307gBs4H5d9i7_XToNoH6pCOSZ0KLoMbrORjCtPQa8bnXUjldboCiYyu9i0W4dUWLn1E/s1600/Photo+of+Sojourner+Truth+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" h5="true" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKv1RksTVZuLaQi7cfO5aVnfO3yPMV-5XxfPeCC7-GT1iVMEqBBGSLJqO5KsBpbe5_OKlXR7w307gBs4H5d9i7_XToNoH6pCOSZ0KLoMbrORjCtPQa8bnXUjldboCiYyu9i0W4dUWLn1E/s320/Photo+of+Sojourner+Truth+2.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Photo of Sojourner Truth</strong></div><blockquote>"I did not run off, for I thought that wicked," said Sojourner Truth, describing her leaving with her youngest daughter Sophia from the Dumont plantation in New York , "but I walked off, believing that to be all right." </blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;">She soon set plans to secure her youngest son Peter who had been loaned by Dumont to another slaver who had then sold the five-year-old child to slave-owners in the State of Alabama. With the help of the anti-slavery Quakers, Truth filed a court petition in the State of New York pleading with the court to grant the return of her son. There was great anti-slavery in New York at the time, as the state legislation was passed in <a href="http://www.slaveryinnewyork.org/about_exhibit.htm">1827 legally abolishing slavery</a>. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sojourner Truth won and her son Peter was soon returned to New York.</div><br /><strong>Sojourner Truth, Free Woman of Color in America: Abolitionist and Suffragist</strong><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTV4CXD9WGEZZ-gcMA0NlL67QLl212Z-79wgp4aNeTuX97qhk1YDGEB_YdWtrvishtvUrlah-dAo_NHeB9eLoy0CFKJKUxmFFOBz4AWIRBOPE2-2LU3dz0NNEQ5edvEmLcLqEHoYWH8k0/s1600/Image+SojournerTruth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" h5="true" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTV4CXD9WGEZZ-gcMA0NlL67QLl212Z-79wgp4aNeTuX97qhk1YDGEB_YdWtrvishtvUrlah-dAo_NHeB9eLoy0CFKJKUxmFFOBz4AWIRBOPE2-2LU3dz0NNEQ5edvEmLcLqEHoYWH8k0/s320/Image+SojournerTruth.jpg" width="205" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><em>Pamphlet Card with Sojourner Truth Photo</em></strong></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">While living in the home of Isaac and Maria Van Wagenens, Truth had a life-changing religious experience. She started to speak in public assemblies. She became known as a gifted preacher. She joined the Progressive Friends, an organization established by the Quakers, which pressed forward the cause of abolishing slavery throughout America. Truth also became active in the Union's efforts during the Civil War. She helped enlist black troops. Her grandson James Caldwell served in the 54th Regiment, Massachusetts. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">"In 1864, she worked among freed slaves at a government refugee camp on an island in Virginia and was employed by the National Freedman's Relief Association in Washington, D.C.," according to Women in History: Living vignettes of notable women from U.S. history. "In 1863, Harriet Beecher Stowe's article "The Libyan Sibyl" appeared in the Atlantic Monthly; a romanticized description of Sojourner."</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">At the end of the Civil War, Truth worked on behalf of the Freedman's Hospital in Washington through the Freedman's Relief Association.</div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1867, she moved to Battle Creek, Michigan. While unsuccessful in her efforts, for several years she lobbyed the U.S. federal government land in the Western states for former African slaves. Illness began to reduce her speaking tours. In 1879, she spent a year in Kansas city to help settling African migrants she called "Exodusters". In addition to racial and gender equality issues, Truth campaigned against capital punishment and called for temperance.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEpUQFqBIdzhqI1PWKcvDQUovUojXEU15KcPROSZkbWMrqOpI0RB9JwMG2FyC2Isw7LHB292Rb_QgudZ-bYbnrxSeX28idCV1_IX0ICQbUEYLGFGg2jdHtr8uXgo8pNH_3sxW0O35ZX0g/s1600/Photo+of+Sojourner+Truth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" h5="true" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEpUQFqBIdzhqI1PWKcvDQUovUojXEU15KcPROSZkbWMrqOpI0RB9JwMG2FyC2Isw7LHB292Rb_QgudZ-bYbnrxSeX28idCV1_IX0ICQbUEYLGFGg2jdHtr8uXgo8pNH_3sxW0O35ZX0g/s320/Photo+of+Sojourner+Truth.jpg" width="248" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><em>Image of Sojourner Truth</em></strong></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">On November 26, 1883, Sojourner Truth was surrounded by her family at her death bed. She was 86 years old when she died surrounded by her family in Battle Creek, Michigan. She was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery, next to her grandson's gravesite. More than 200 years later, her legacy as a truth-keeper continues to ignite the imagination of the new nation for which she found herself in service. Soujourner Truth lived during times of great change. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6knCtsAKj5XDycBc0z_hOp88ScaAgFfWq-6i3KU0kCs2LsYPC9zRuKM75g_g0Kopf-HEVc7vspArX81lb9_mjmmA-D5u4raFndHwBs64kwX0yO5lVBJTlqsHopdbaTmAzKvrpy0lRkLI/s1600/Photo+of+Sojourner+Truth+Statute.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" h5="true" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6knCtsAKj5XDycBc0z_hOp88ScaAgFfWq-6i3KU0kCs2LsYPC9zRuKM75g_g0Kopf-HEVc7vspArX81lb9_mjmmA-D5u4raFndHwBs64kwX0yO5lVBJTlqsHopdbaTmAzKvrpy0lRkLI/s320/Photo+of+Sojourner+Truth+Statute.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>Image of observers at the Sojourner Truth statute in </strong></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>Battle Creek, Michigan, USA</strong> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Photo: Marydell/Flickr)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLG8B5RtXCJL3mhLyxqgOCQdWEmIyQ9CjdU1iqRObOJaknamsVOzr3c1kpec0F6YNmwQYEpfdJ344sHU0UWino4sGyhn-tSBK4d4ny65JQ9S2007Fo37aR4Zz_g1sExNQ2aJ0HqrLoPvQ/s1600/Photo+of+Sojourner+Truth+statute+unveiling+before+First+Lady+Michelle+Obama.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" h5="true" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLG8B5RtXCJL3mhLyxqgOCQdWEmIyQ9CjdU1iqRObOJaknamsVOzr3c1kpec0F6YNmwQYEpfdJ344sHU0UWino4sGyhn-tSBK4d4ny65JQ9S2007Fo37aR4Zz_g1sExNQ2aJ0HqrLoPvQ/s320/Photo+of+Sojourner+Truth+statute+unveiling+before+First+Lady+Michelle+Obama.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo: U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama applauds on April 28, 2009 </span></em></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">at the unveiling of the Sojourner Truth bronze bust in Emancipation Hall in Washingtno D.C.</span></em></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Photo: Manuel Balce Ceneta, AP)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">"I hope that Sojourner Truth would be proud to see me, a descendant of slaves, serving as the first lady of the United States of America," said Michelle Obama at the April 28, 2009 commemorative ceremony unveiling the Sojourner Truth bronze bust by sculptor Artis Lane. "Now many young boys and girls, like my own daughters, will come to Emancipation Hall and see the face of a woman who looks like them." </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sojourner Truth's Famous Oration: "Ain't I a Woman?"</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1851, Sojourner Truth gave her famous “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech before the Women's Rights Convention held in Akron, Ohio. Several ministers were in attendance. Truth rose from her seat and spoke the following words before the audience:</div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><em>"Well, children, where there is so much racket there must be something out of kilter. I think that ‘twixt the negroes of the South and the women at the North, all talking about rights, the white men will be in a fix pretty soon. But what’s all this here talking about?</em></div><em></em><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><em>That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain’t I a woman?</em></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><em>Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain’t I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man – when I could get it – and bear the lash as well! And ain’t I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother’s grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain’t I a woman?</em> </div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><em>Then they talk about this thing in the head; what’s this they call it? [member of audience whispers, "intellect"] That’s it, honey. What’s that got to do with women’s rights or negroes’ rights? If my cup won’t hold but a pint, and yours holds a quart, wouldn’t you be mean not to let me have my little half measure full?</em></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><em>Then that little man in black there, he says women can’t have as much rights as men, ’cause Christ wasn’t a woman! Where did your Christ come from? Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him.</em> </div></blockquote><blockquote><em></em><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><em>If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it, the men better let them.</em></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><em>Obliged to you for hearing me, and now old Sojourner ain’t got nothing more to say."</em></div></blockquote></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-90158062538618297822011-02-03T20:34:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.559-07:00George Washington Carver Exhibit Opens at Pink Palace Museum March 12, 2011<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguM3nbvtlpNsHSw8CfR9QlPZSGEA2ZBrEgMJjwSO8LfOG2vQgpPZoAsCcI5okuLIo7Xh_k_V42Xff6adFtUAI3JTxgbskjj2gXfRv_InBIqvAEAKxe76aMvBJcTCF1RDdgL1XyVnNnqd8/s1600/Photo+of+George+Washington+Carver+Pink+Palace+Exhibit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" h5="true" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguM3nbvtlpNsHSw8CfR9QlPZSGEA2ZBrEgMJjwSO8LfOG2vQgpPZoAsCcI5okuLIo7Xh_k_V42Xff6adFtUAI3JTxgbskjj2gXfRv_InBIqvAEAKxe76aMvBJcTCF1RDdgL1XyVnNnqd8/s320/Photo+of+George+Washington+Carver+Pink+Palace+Exhibit.jpg" width="256" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>Museum Volunteers Wanted for the Upcoming </strong></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>George Washington Carver Exhibit in Memphis</strong></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Volunteers who participate in the “George Washington Carver” Exhibit that will run March 12, 2011 - July 4, 2011 at the Pink Palace Museum in Memphis, Tennessee can share information on the life and work of an extraordinary man. Born into slavery, George Washington Carver used his gifts to become a groundbreaking scientist, educator and humanitarian. Volunteers will talk to students and visitors about crop rotation, organic farming, plant-based fuels, medicines and everyday products. They will broaden their own knowledge and be a part of making history, science and nature come alive for our visitors and the wide variety of students that come to the Museum. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Those wanting to make a difference supporting educational opportunities with children and families in the Mid-South are only required to volunteer two 3 ½ hour shifts each month during the <a href="http://blackhistoryheroes.blogspot.com/2010/07/george-washington-carver-scientist-and.html">George Washington Carver</a> exhibit run, March 12 - July 4, 2011. We offer weekday or weekend volunteer opportunities. Volunteers can train on either Thursday, March 10 or Saturday, March 12 from 9 a.m. – 12 noon. To sign up as a volunteer, please email diane.mckinna@memphistn.gov or call 320-6438 by March 1, 2011. To obtain a volunteer application or get further information go to our website: <a href="http://www.memphismuseums.org/">http://www.memphismuseums.org/</a>.</div></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-83664908145393461662011-02-02T04:56:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.562-07:00Patrice Lumumba: First Prime Minister of the Congo<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJwVibsqny479X8oXnLUftRTAVPfCNF_WwNfEUEHzVUgUvqpi7SxeXZz01Br6y9MRs-Pjmudwsg5qm_bwZBzlsuB_H3SR1E_AQaW_0l1_xYqiw-o869vAPGsnUultFj_dI7cP_YZjkXYo/s1600/Photo+of+Patrice+Lumumba2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJwVibsqny479X8oXnLUftRTAVPfCNF_WwNfEUEHzVUgUvqpi7SxeXZz01Br6y9MRs-Pjmudwsg5qm_bwZBzlsuB_H3SR1E_AQaW_0l1_xYqiw-o869vAPGsnUultFj_dI7cP_YZjkXYo/s1600/Photo+of+Patrice+Lumumba2.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Photo of Patrice Émery Lumumba </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>(July 2, 1925– January 17, 1961)</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Patrice Émery Lumumba (aka Patrice Hemery Lumumba) was born July 2, 1925 in Onalua, Katakokombe, Kasai Province in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. One of four sons, Lumumba was a member of the Tetela tribal group. His education included missionary school training. After completing his education, he passed the postal clerk exam and began to work in Kinshasa (then Léopoldville). In 1951, Lumumba married Pauline Opangu and they would go on to have five children: François, Patrice Junior, Julienne, Roland and Guy-Patrice Lumumba.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjrvMr1zKK66XeC63UW6ybyWYh-6IX6fXYuseVftEX8vuuCD8mOQNcMfuBbnU4NIY5Bhz-uvwVax1C3ZkLXcVd9AvhE6Pl1T47peDyCKoHj_E24HdS_jP8fTmZ_bY7ALTxMFy_kZLV9nY/s1600/Image+of+Patrice+Lumumba2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjrvMr1zKK66XeC63UW6ybyWYh-6IX6fXYuseVftEX8vuuCD8mOQNcMfuBbnU4NIY5Bhz-uvwVax1C3ZkLXcVd9AvhE6Pl1T47peDyCKoHj_E24HdS_jP8fTmZ_bY7ALTxMFy_kZLV9nY/s1600/Image+of+Patrice+Lumumba2.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of a youthful Patrice Lumumba in the Belgian-Congo</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">By 1955, Lumumba began to enter political life. He became a regional leader for the Cercles of Stanleyville and joined the Liberal Party of Belgium where he served as editor and distributor of information. While traveling in Belgium that same year, Lumumba was arrested by the colonial government police and charged with embezzling post office funds. In July 1956, Lumumba was released after serving 12 months of a two-year sentence. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />By 1958, Lumumba had re-entered political life and began to organize for Mouvement National Congolais (MNC). In December 1958, he represented the MNC as president at the All-African Peoples' Conference held in Accra, Ghana, hosted by Ghanaian President <a href="http://blackhistoryheroes.blogspot.com/2010/09/kwame-nkrumah.html">Kwame Nkrumah</a>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><strong>Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the Republic of the Congo </strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIAY7Nb6PUePuUze1fczN2b6G74Zsu24Dd80zG5EXr2ZG6OtJl3X1U6lIQa0Jww6xkH7vUTssS-1JXpzSeFiB3sgWCzRzcuzMwN32MP6w50h_I8-LjRtb0Bl4NnpICTXQsS4tWNMMqwNc/s1600/Patrice+Lumumba+was+captured+by+the+army+chief+Mobutu+and+handed+over+to+Tshombe+in+Katanga+Province.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="294" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIAY7Nb6PUePuUze1fczN2b6G74Zsu24Dd80zG5EXr2ZG6OtJl3X1U6lIQa0Jww6xkH7vUTssS-1JXpzSeFiB3sgWCzRzcuzMwN32MP6w50h_I8-LjRtb0Bl4NnpICTXQsS4tWNMMqwNc/s320/Patrice+Lumumba+was+captured+by+the+army+chief+Mobutu+and+handed+over+to+Tshombe+in+Katanga+Province.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />By October 1959, Lumumba was again arrested by the Belgian colonial government on charges of inciting anti-colonial riots in Stanleyville. He was sentenced to six months in prison for his anti-colonial activism. While in Lumumba was in prison, the MNC participated as a political party in the Belgian-Congo elections held in December of 1959. Lumumba was released before the MNC won the May 1960 election. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Lumumba, age 34 years old, was announced as the Belgian Congo's first prime minister. Joseph Kasa-Vubu was named president. On June 30, 1960, the country’s new leadership declared independence from the Belgian colonial rule. In an Independence Day ceremony for the newly named Republic of the Congo, King Baudouin spoke first, urging the Congolese to remain under the leadership of Belgium. Lumumba responded, in part, in his speech as follows:</div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><em>"For this independence of the Congo, even as it is celebrated today with Belgium, a friendly country with whom we deal as equal to equal, no Congolese worthy of the name will ever be able to forget that it was by fighting that it has been won, a day-to-day fight, an ardent and idealistic fight, a fight in which we were spared neither privation nor suffering, and for which we gave our strength and our blood. We are proud of this struggle, of tears, of fire, and of blood, to the depths of our being, for it was a noble and just struggle, and indispensable to put an end to the humiliating slavery which was imposed upon us by force." </em></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Unrest in the New Republic</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH9uotV2BSYO6BM61YjwS6q8ipQM0kkypqqGg2dgFfimUdKjGtGOSzlMCu5B9TwsrD_PqN05ecgU_QbVCmB3mTGBfS48nT9FchwBFYd1Vz2ndsL56FIKIDQA0SQo-ZpMQ1v1LAJkAL25M/s1600/Image+of+Patrice+Lumumba.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH9uotV2BSYO6BM61YjwS6q8ipQM0kkypqqGg2dgFfimUdKjGtGOSzlMCu5B9TwsrD_PqN05ecgU_QbVCmB3mTGBfS48nT9FchwBFYd1Vz2ndsL56FIKIDQA0SQo-ZpMQ1v1LAJkAL25M/s1600/Image+of+Patrice+Lumumba.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Patrice Lumumba</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Lumumba's speech became a media sensation in the West. Dissent within the army arose soon after Reports arose about military unrest, looting and European flight. By July 11, 1960, Moïse Tshombe declared himself the regional premier of the Katanga province. Tshombe was supported by the Belgian government and European mining firms with interest in rubber, copper and other minerals. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />UN troops arrived, but did not move to suppress the Katanga rebellion. Lumumba soon sought Soviet military aid. President Kasa-Vubu, however, wanted a more moderate political approach and sought to remove Lumumba as prime minister. Lumumba declared the Presidential act illegal and sought Senate and Parliament action to declare President Kasa-Vubu‘s removal. The country was torn over the warring Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba political faction. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Joseph Mobutu’s Rise to Power and the Murder of Lumumba</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpGMZI8ygAu9F0HuTd8n8lzTwq1RV-41HapvdgeU3J75cJ_ALJs1QggZGP2djK720-oungZqpbVMLlIbt-7CY7-LS3xGTvvIyaRj4sT62BBvoJdDafQYE3xyNVENpm16i58Hmq2hnGS6A/s1600/Photo+of+Young+Joseph+D%25C3%25A9sir%25C3%25A9+Mobutu+Sese+Seko.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpGMZI8ygAu9F0HuTd8n8lzTwq1RV-41HapvdgeU3J75cJ_ALJs1QggZGP2djK720-oungZqpbVMLlIbt-7CY7-LS3xGTvvIyaRj4sT62BBvoJdDafQYE3xyNVENpm16i58Hmq2hnGS6A/s1600/Photo+of+Young+Joseph+D%25C3%25A9sir%25C3%25A9+Mobutu+Sese+Seko.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo: A young Joseph Désiré Mobutu rolls up his sleeves </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">during a speech in December 1965 in Leopoldville, Congo</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">On September 14, 1960, Lieutenant General Joseph Désiré Mobutu (later known as Mobutu Sese Seko) organized a coup that deposed the divided nation. Lumumba was placed under house arrest, but he soon stole away to Stanleyville, organizing among his Haut-Congo supporters. On December 1, 1960, Lumumba was captured in Port Francqui by Mobutu’s troops and flown to Kinshasa (then Leopoldville). </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><a name='more'></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Soviet Union demanded his release and called upon the U.N. Security Council to act. U.N. Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld called for due process of law; on December 14, 1960, however, in a 8-2 vote, the Soviet Union's resolution was defeated. Lumumba was transferred to the Katanga Province under Mobutu‘s leadership.<br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">On January 17, 1961, Lumumba was restrained and flown to Lubumbashi (then Elizabethville). That same day, Patrice Lumumba, Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito were reportedly lined before a firing squad, according to Belgian reports. No due process was afforded those executed. While various accounts are reported, the true nature and facilitators of his murder, however, have never been definitively explained.<br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMvYvbQm0O40Y2tqKgfDH2-Xg-Q74lhUO9M8-q2ASStACaMvlWCGDQ5LQ5BQE9Bph0H6hIB7EUQ9G7DLdgYNkIMz8AKK0AqIOvxI6HtiVSkXlzDDiDRXSukLq5dg5qWgHRZf2L56xU1Wc/s1600/Photo+of+Mbuto+Sese+Seku+with+US+President+Nixon.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMvYvbQm0O40Y2tqKgfDH2-Xg-Q74lhUO9M8-q2ASStACaMvlWCGDQ5LQ5BQE9Bph0H6hIB7EUQ9G7DLdgYNkIMz8AKK0AqIOvxI6HtiVSkXlzDDiDRXSukLq5dg5qWgHRZf2L56xU1Wc/s320/Photo+of+Mbuto+Sese+Seku+with+US+President+Nixon.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Congo leader Mobutu Sese Seko conversing with U.S. President Richard Nixon</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In February 2002, the Belgian government released an official apology to the Congolese people. In a thousand page report, the government admitted to failure of a "moral responsibility" and "an irrefutable portion of responsibility in the events that led to the death of Lumumba." </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><strong>Lumumba’s Murder Leads to International Protests in Europe </strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />After Patrice Lumumba's assassination, protestors clashed with Belgian embassies and local police in Belgrade, Yugoslavia and at Trafalgar Square in London, UK. Prior to Lumumba's imprisonment, he had arranged for his wife, Pauline, and their children to move to Egypt.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />“ We must move forward, striking out tirelessly against imperialism," said Che Guevara in 1964, reflecting on the life of Lumumba. "From all over the world we have to learn lessons which events afford. Lumumba’s murder should be a lesson for all of us.” </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />That same year, <a href="http://blackhistoryheroes.blogspot.com/2010/05/malcolm-x.html">Malcolm X</a> declared Patrice Lumumba "the greatest black man who ever walked the African continent."</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>African Freedom Fighter and Pan Africanist </strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />The heroism of Patrice Lumumba is embraced as a symbol of African independence efforts. In the 2006 election, a number of the running parties affiliated themselves with Lumumba's political philosophy. This includes the Unified Lumumbist Party (Parti Lumumbiste Unifié (PALU)), Mouvement Lumumbiste (MLP) and Mouvement National Congolais-Lumumba (MNC-L). The MNC-L is lead by Lumumba's eldest son, François Lumumba, who obtained a doctorate in political economics in Hungary before returning to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1992 to oppose Mobutu Sese Seko‘s rule of the country then known as Zaire.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />In Kampala, Uganda, "Lumumba Hall" of Residence at Makerere University continues to carry the name of Patrice Lumumba. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguOaXkJavJPkpPg0t6FDR5jbdPo5GBEtFPl-iVKLnUUhRlr8-aFNfQ9wD2z2TY0yvuHkHRV79NN27n0fP5ek1kVIQF1c-8v2IvPPcGYrhvuux0JjSc6RszeuGlt-BIbmHqxmpudk-3mAc/s1600/Photo+Map+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguOaXkJavJPkpPg0t6FDR5jbdPo5GBEtFPl-iVKLnUUhRlr8-aFNfQ9wD2z2TY0yvuHkHRV79NN27n0fP5ek1kVIQF1c-8v2IvPPcGYrhvuux0JjSc6RszeuGlt-BIbmHqxmpudk-3mAc/s320/Photo+Map+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong><em>Did You Know? The various formal official country names </em></strong></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong><em>for the Democratic Republic of the Congo</em></strong></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Congo Free State</strong> (État indépendant du Congo): 1885 to 1908. Belgian King Leopold II claimed personal ownership over the land</div></li><li><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Belgian Congo</strong> (Congo Belge): 1908 - 1960. King Leopold II's formal transfer of property ownership to the state of Belgium</div></li><li><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Republic of the Congo or Congo-Léopoldville</strong>: 1960 - 1964. Distinguish from its western neighbor in the Republic of the Congo, formerly French Congo</div></li><li><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Republic of the Congo or Congo-Kinshasa</strong> (1964-1971)</div></li><li><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Zaire</strong> (Zaïre): 1971-1997</div></li><li><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Democratic Republic of the Congo</strong>: 1997 to Present</div></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>Books for further reading:</em></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=1859844103&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=190579102X&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></div></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-11679246361681927762011-02-01T06:42:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.564-07:00African American Artist: Charles W. White, Jr.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0LIRAHU4oY5ZAARoa9hszUIXktmxNVzv_dxxp9MTc1UPTNlcr5Dc2zKdRvuUGcdt-ts3EgoLX6iCLc9WLcDqSF6m6ly3ddX44gbfHzFz47VXK8-zzuJY1jQ17tCOlHPZ3-gtveCVwIu0/s1600/Photo+of+Charles+White+Artist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0LIRAHU4oY5ZAARoa9hszUIXktmxNVzv_dxxp9MTc1UPTNlcr5Dc2zKdRvuUGcdt-ts3EgoLX6iCLc9WLcDqSF6m6ly3ddX44gbfHzFz47VXK8-zzuJY1jQ17tCOlHPZ3-gtveCVwIu0/s200/Photo+of+Charles+White+Artist.jpg" width="163" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19px;"><b>Charles Wilbert White, Jr.</b> <b>(born April 2, 1918 – died October 3, 1979)</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Charles White, Jr. was born on April 2, 1918 to Ethel Gary and Charles White Sr. on the South Side of Chicago. He discovered at an early age that he could draw. Often described as a Social Realist artist, White’s works is largely devoted to monumental prints and mural eloquently documenting the universality of humanity through the portrayal of Black America. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Coming home from school one day, White discovered students from The Art Institute of Chicago painting in a nearby park. One student explained how to mix paint and turpentine and stretch canvas. She also advised him that the class would be working there for a week. The next day after school, White raced there with an oil set his mother had previously bought him. Using a window blind as his canvas, he painted a landscape. Although initially angered by his destruction of the blind, his mother treasured this painting until her death in 1977.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMGil9-B0bOKMACClIoXGKUHpzJyeZmNM3CB7wLjj0Gh9R3LAiTmEbWX6WYTH1FzCdCgFpD-pT13X5mb7zMsrZnyMfTI4iYbbBlI5z2q_aGZ62KrsfTdbrrilAGCXjExLHopv8VokGmTQ/s1600/Photo+of+Charles+White+Harvest+Talk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMGil9-B0bOKMACClIoXGKUHpzJyeZmNM3CB7wLjj0Gh9R3LAiTmEbWX6WYTH1FzCdCgFpD-pT13X5mb7zMsrZnyMfTI4iYbbBlI5z2q_aGZ62KrsfTdbrrilAGCXjExLHopv8VokGmTQ/s320/Photo+of+Charles+White+Harvest+Talk.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>Harvest Talk, </em>Charles White<em>. C</em>harcoal, pencil and graphite, with stamping and erasing on ivory wood-pulp laminate body (1953)</span></strong></div><span lang="EN"><br />Frustrated by the education system’s omission of Black contributions to American society, White, out of this frustration, began to skip school. At age 14, he worked as a sign letterer for the Regal Theater, where he began meeting other Black artists. He worked with George E. Neal, a Black artist, who while supporting himself by lettering and illustrating small Black publications, studied at the Art Institute. White’s drawings won a competition, permitting him to attend a Saturday “honors” class at the Art Institute. Artists Charles Sebree and Margaret Burroughs also attended this class. <br /><br />“He was a particularly inspiring teacher,” said White, referring to Neal. “We used to have classes in his home. Elzier Cortor, Charles Sebree, and Frank Neal, who wasn’t related to him, as well as me, were all influenced by George. He made us conscious of the craft aspect of painting technique. He made us conscious of the beauty of those beat-up old shacks. He made us conscious of the beauty of Black people.”</span><br /><span lang="EN"><br /></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhATj2PN0-f9SKvVj1GzPdE590HO_iQE_87kphO4hfzri1E9unfRTQavZMjGYrYAvG4zxDr6hWC7Pj4A6HTYlWftY9W6H_LTWlfBKnLWNU5RZ7PHLSCgjZ46qkJR7-KwbpO_b7Gi1u9yy0/s1600/Image+of+Awaken+from+the+Unknowing%252C+Charles+White.+Ink+and+Wolff+crayon+on+paper+%25281961%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhATj2PN0-f9SKvVj1GzPdE590HO_iQE_87kphO4hfzri1E9unfRTQavZMjGYrYAvG4zxDr6hWC7Pj4A6HTYlWftY9W6H_LTWlfBKnLWNU5RZ7PHLSCgjZ46qkJR7-KwbpO_b7Gi1u9yy0/s320/Image+of+Awaken+from+the+Unknowing%252C+Charles+White.+Ink+and+Wolff+crayon+on+paper+%25281961%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Image of <i>Awaken from the Unknowing</i>, Charles White. Ink and Wolff crayon on paper (1961)</b></span></div><span lang="EN"><br />When he was 16-years-old, White attended a Saturday night party at the studio of Katherine Dunham, then a graduate student in anthropology at the University of Chicago and developing her dance career. There he met poet Gwendolyn Brooks, author Margaret Walker, Richard Wright and Willard Motley; sociologist Horace Cayton; and many other artists and intellectuals gathering on Chicago’s South Side. He was exposed to many new ideas. They could be described as Alain Locke’s “New Negro,” a philosophy that would have a great impact on White.<br /><br />White won a scholarship to study at the Art Institute full-time. He also began to work as a Works in Progress (WPA) artist and became a member of the Arts and Crafts Guilds. At the Art Institute, White was introduced to the Mexican muralists who used art to educate the masses. This concept greatly excited White, as it would excite the artist Elizabeth Catlett, whom he would later marry. He wanted his art to speak to Black people, instilling and reaffirming confidence and pride.</span><br /><span lang="EN"><br /></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY_dwbLFLb2d9e90Wl0akmcgfn_V0oaY1t6IMiOduvNma5ciGhyo0YekM262cRwazb-XzgDPZY3EiCThklSS80ZohVHyw0BvgZuHKGKix-Onpma8rPPwuU07LuKDCdKNotetOMdrFt_gw/s1600/Frederick+Douglass+Lives+Again+%2528The+Ghost+of+Frederick+Douglass%2529%252C+Charles+White.+Pen+and+ink+drawing+%25281949%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY_dwbLFLb2d9e90Wl0akmcgfn_V0oaY1t6IMiOduvNma5ciGhyo0YekM262cRwazb-XzgDPZY3EiCThklSS80ZohVHyw0BvgZuHKGKix-Onpma8rPPwuU07LuKDCdKNotetOMdrFt_gw/s1600/Frederick+Douglass+Lives+Again+%2528The+Ghost+of+Frederick+Douglass%2529%252C+Charles+White.+Pen+and+ink+drawing+%25281949%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Frederick Douglass Lives Again (The Ghost of Frederick Douglass)</i>, Charles White. Pen and ink drawing (1949)</b></span></div><span lang="EN"><br />White met and married talented sculptor Elizabeth Catlett, who then taught at Dillard University in New Orleans and was taking the summer to study at the Art Institute. He had won two scholarships, one to the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts and the Frederic Mizes Academy of Arts, both of which were withdrawn upon the discovery that White was actually Black.<br /><br />White would later win a Julius Rosenwald Foundation study grant to do research in the South. In the South, White began to understand the beauty of the “Negro” speech, folklore and poetry, dance and music. The music especially moved him -- the spirituals, blues, ballads, the work songs. This music had a very profound meaning for White and his work. <br /><br />Two racially motivated events, to occur later, would also have profound effect on White. First, he was severely beaten for entering a restaurant in New Orleans. Secondly, in Hampton, Virginia, a conductor forced White to the rear of a streetcar at gunpoint. Over the course of 15 years, he would learn of the lynching of three uncles and two cousins. White developed an anger against injustice that deepened.</span><br /><span lang="EN"><br /></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfrhl_1OroMQDb987wTA3lRn402DzyDgTFINIriYOF4hFi39oXjYUfvtvhrh-d9i1q_sLzl_RAsC-8Q__HVtUzmnYYWzEgJFPJNQhp3qWcRv2o9jgDpHbGhyphenhyphen1q2d2yQZzazX0y8pUXSE4/s1600/Charles+White+participated+in+the+civil+rights+movement+through+his+art%252C+creating+strong%252C+expressive+figures+depicting+the+plight+of+African+Americans.+Sounds+of+Silence+11%252C+Charles+White.+Lithograph+%2528+1971%2529.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfrhl_1OroMQDb987wTA3lRn402DzyDgTFINIriYOF4hFi39oXjYUfvtvhrh-d9i1q_sLzl_RAsC-8Q__HVtUzmnYYWzEgJFPJNQhp3qWcRv2o9jgDpHbGhyphenhyphen1q2d2yQZzazX0y8pUXSE4/s320/Charles+White+participated+in+the+civil+rights+movement+through+his+art%252C+creating+strong%252C+expressive+figures+depicting+the+plight+of+African+Americans.+Sounds+of+Silence+11%252C+Charles+White.+Lithograph+%2528+1971%2529.GIF" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Charles White participated in the civil rights movement through his art, creating strong, expressive figures depicting the plight of African Americans. <i>Sounds of Silence 11</i>, Charles White. Lithograph ( 1971)</b></span></div><span lang="EN"><br />White and Catlett would eventually moved to New York, where the painter Ernest Crichlow introduced them to Black artists and intellectuals. Catlett began studies with the Cubist-influenced sculpture Ossip Zadkine. White studied with Harry Sternberg, a leading instructor of etching and lithography at the Art Student League. </span><br /><a name='more'></a><span lang="EN">White and Catlett would leave New York to teach at Hampton Institute in Virginia until White was drafted in 1943. Soon after, White developed tuberculosis. He spent three years in a Veterans hospital in Beacon, New York. White did not paint during this time. He devised his own therapy. He reread all that he had read during his adolescence. </span><br /><span lang="EN"><br /></span><br /><span lang="EN">Upon recovery, he returned to New York and created. He had a one man show at the American Contemporary Artists (ACA) Gallery in September 1947. That fall, White and Catlett went to Mexico at the invitation of the famous muralist David Siquerios. They studied and worked at Mexico’s famous graphic workshop Taller de Grafica Popular for nearly a year. <br /><br />“I saw artists working to create an art about and for the people,” said White of his Mexican experience. “This has been the strongest influence in my whole approach. It clarified the direction in which I wanted to move.”<br /><br />His marriage to Catlett ended soon after his travels to Mexico. His health began to deteriorate again. He was hospitalized for a year in New York where he was to undergo lung surgery. White’s art began to gradually shift from historical figures to ordinary common Black folks, always maintaining the same dignity. His work became more rhythmic and fluid, realistic and humanistic.</span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq8DVY7idycMTVNOxxqcv73pfnqcuFeK_cGBoyTx9cJHTt_DbQhqV9YXItM_YNVt3lYT_2FJD0_zTdltaDnVMbbk-gmoDjsh6vPe1Ma1m_Rx7IO3uZNUzTt0tJLnprqfl9YjNH28zoXFk/s1600/Photo+Untitled%252C+by+Charles+White%252C+1950%252C+ink+and+graphite+on+pape.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq8DVY7idycMTVNOxxqcv73pfnqcuFeK_cGBoyTx9cJHTt_DbQhqV9YXItM_YNVt3lYT_2FJD0_zTdltaDnVMbbk-gmoDjsh6vPe1Ma1m_Rx7IO3uZNUzTt0tJLnprqfl9YjNH28zoXFk/s320/Photo+Untitled%252C+by+Charles+White%252C+1950%252C+ink+and+graphite+on+pape.jpg" width="214" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Image of <i>Untitled</i>, Charles White, ink and graphite on paper (1950)</b></span></div><span lang="EN"><br />In 1950, White married Frances Barrett. They honeymooned in Europe and were delighted to find that White’s lithographs received high recognition. Portfolios of his work could be found throughout Europe. Upon returning to the U.S., White’s failing health prompted the newlyweds to move to California for the weather. In California, he gradually regained his health. <br /><br />White’s works were being discovered by the Black Consciousness movement of the 1960s. Black colleges anxiously sought his exhibitions. The socially conscious artists of the 1930s were finding new eyes in the 1960s.<br /><br />Charles White, Jr. died in 1980. It was he who best articulated his art. “I use Negro subject matter because Negroes are closest to me. But I am trying to express a universal feeling through them, a meaning for all men… All my life, I’ve been painting a simple painting. This does not mean that I am a man without anger -- I’ve had my work in museum’s where I wasn’t allowed to see it. But what I pour into my work is the challenge of how beautiful life can be.”<br /><br /><em>Adapted from article originally published by Vanessa Cross in</em> Afrique<em>, June 1996: <strong>Charles White: The Art of a Chicago Son Beautifies Experiences of Common Black Folk.</strong></em></span><br /><br /></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-70045376909165478322011-01-31T16:47:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.566-07:00Cairo Museum's Ancient Egyptian Artifacts Victim of Egypt's State of Mass Protest<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="youtube-player" frameborder="0" height="345" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/d8nH3JuBd4s" title="YouTube video player" type="text/html" width="460"></iframe></div><br />The <i>Wall Street Journal</i> reported today that when Zahi Hawass, Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Egypt, came to work at the Egyptian Museum on Saturday, January 29, 2011, he discovered that looters had "broken in and beheaded two mummies—possibly Tutankhamun's grandparents—and looted the ticket booth."<br /><br />The Egyptian tourism police, military and citizens soon secured the museum after the discovery. It is reported that other antiquity museums, archaeological sites and storehouses have also seen looted. These disturbing developments place the rich history of some of Africa's oldest remaining antiquities at the crossfire of unrest of the modern-day state of Egypt.<br /><br /><br /></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-6689391677740032011-01-30T14:35:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.568-07:00National Association of Black Journalists<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ_cNRDC0kpaDQqAHi_U3ONTBTowuE2WlH7iOZgbyZEqv_sKlG3xdEM5BYR_w5lOpVVN9NpcSITmeqS7EAEdgZC71K3PTGKTlPpBu9G3bnb_cshUG-aJ1WAG7Jd4U3wTGaXxSOQXMl_kA/s1600/nabj+HALL+OF+FAME.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ_cNRDC0kpaDQqAHi_U3ONTBTowuE2WlH7iOZgbyZEqv_sKlG3xdEM5BYR_w5lOpVVN9NpcSITmeqS7EAEdgZC71K3PTGKTlPpBu9G3bnb_cshUG-aJ1WAG7Jd4U3wTGaXxSOQXMl_kA/s320/nabj+HALL+OF+FAME.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><blockquote><i><p$1>The NABJ rolled out its red carpet on January 27, 2011 at Washington D.C.'s Newseum, inducting five legendary journalists into </p$1>the 2011 Hall of Fame and presenting the Ida B. Wells Award Recipient.</i></blockquote><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><p$1><strong>NABJ Hall of Fame Inductees </strong></p$1></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><p$1><strong></strong></p$1><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>& Ida B. Wells Award Recipient </strong></span></b></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><p$1><strong><em>Ed Bradley – CBS News ‘60 Minutes’</em></strong><br /><br />Before his passing in 2006, Bradley spent nearly his entire 39-year career with CBS News. At CBS, the man once described as "the coolest guy in the business” rose to the pinnacle of journalistic achievement. <br /><br /><strong><em>Merri Dee – WGN-TV Chicago</em></strong><br /><br />Dee’s 30-year career in Chicago broadcasting and her charitable efforts on behalf of children and victims’ rights make her a standout honoree. <br /><br /><strong><em>JC Hayward – WUSA-TV Washington</em></strong><br /><br />Hayward, reporter and anchor of 39 years at Washington, D.C.'s WUSA-TV holds the national record for a woman anchoring the same evening newscast at the same station. <br /><br /><strong><em>Eugene Robinson – The Washington Post</em></strong><br /><br />Robinson is a columnist and former assistant managing editor at The Washington Post who won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 2009. He won for a selection of columns on the 2008 presidential campaign, and also serves as political analyst for MSNBC.<br /><br /><strong><em>Ray Taliaferro – KGO Newstalk 810, San Francisco</em></strong><br /><br />Ray was the first black talk show host on a major market radio station in the country. Taliaferro has literally owned the Bay Area's overnight radio listening audience since 1986 when his talk show moved to the 1 to 5 a.m. time slot.</p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1><strong></strong> </p$1><p$1><strong><br /></strong></p$1><p$1><strong><br /></strong></p$1><p$1><strong><br /></strong></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1><strong>IDA B. WELLS AWARD RECIPIENT: </strong></p$1><p$1><strong><br /></strong></p$1><p$1><strong></strong></p$1><p$1><strong><br /></strong></p$1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUtv574x7hJcPzJ9qXuys-b53L_TjSs-C517IKaKIcigBD6p9k7am7NNXduS-h7UATpdJjGqcoMfZwUK4yGjqDWLpXlgztOj_HSwULa7Ezg6g7S932ku8KUTRMjHLz1ceMT3tMpxPIAXg/s1600/Photo+of+Walterene+Swanston%252C+National+Association+for+Black+Journalists+Ida+B.+Wells+Award+Recipient+2011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUtv574x7hJcPzJ9qXuys-b53L_TjSs-C517IKaKIcigBD6p9k7am7NNXduS-h7UATpdJjGqcoMfZwUK4yGjqDWLpXlgztOj_HSwULa7Ezg6g7S932ku8KUTRMjHLz1ceMT3tMpxPIAXg/s200/Photo+of+Walterene+Swanston%252C+National+Association+for+Black+Journalists+Ida+B.+Wells+Award+Recipient+2011.jpg" width="199" /></a></div><p$1><strong><br /></strong></p$1><div style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><strong><em>Walterene Swanston – National Public Radio (NPR)</em></strong></span></strong></div><strong> </strong><p$1><strong><em></em></strong><b><i><br /></i></b> </p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1>The annual Ida B. Wells Award honor highlights the achievement of a media executive who has demonstrated a commitment to diversifying the nation's newsrooms and improving the coverage of people and communities of color. </p$1><p$1>Walterene Swanston is the NABJ's 2011 Ida B. Wells Award Recipient. </p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1>Swanston is a diversity consultant and a retired director of diversity management for National Public Radio. Swanston has a decades-long professional track record as a champion of media diversity. For more than 25 years, she has worked with newspapers, television and radio stations to recruit, promote, train and retain people of color and women. <br /><br /><b><i>Information source: Nabj.org</i></b><br /><br /></p$1><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1></p$1></div><p$1></p$1></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-46281828479428813742011-01-29T16:40:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.571-07:00February's Black History Month in the United States<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both; text-align: center;" trbidi="on"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjphqv6U3B55ONSpcO8m0V9ByZkre3SeLTJXp_vwDLeLGol4evsbX0xVui64MieMFQXD8L7e3R9Sk7dZWlDC5LaZJP5GJas8O4ik-_ibqFNbnYt1Tzyw-Znl_xc4hM43Y4TvKdxmBZjsKY/s1600/Photo+of+Jack+Johnson+Black+History+Heroes+Tshirt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjphqv6U3B55ONSpcO8m0V9ByZkre3SeLTJXp_vwDLeLGol4evsbX0xVui64MieMFQXD8L7e3R9Sk7dZWlDC5LaZJP5GJas8O4ik-_ibqFNbnYt1Tzyw-Znl_xc4hM43Y4TvKdxmBZjsKY/s1600/Photo+of+Jack+Johnson+Black+History+Heroes+Tshirt.jpg" /></a></div><p$1><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both; text-align: center;" trbidi="on"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo: Black History Heroes Jack Johnson T-Shirt Design</span></strong><p$1></p$1></div><p$1><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1><br /></p$1></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1>As Black History Month in the United States gets underway, expect more frequent posts during the month of February. We will highlight the life and times of some of our favorite public heroes like Toussaint L'Ouverture, Marie Da Silva, Julius Kmbarage Nyerere and Sojourner Truth. </p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1>Become a subscribers to the BHH blog and receive free notices of new blog posts during February. For teachers, use theses blogs for ideas to help you develop engaging Black history school projects and programs.</p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></div></p$1><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1></p$1></p$1> </div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1></p$1></p$1> </p$1></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1></p$1></p$1></div></p$1><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1>The blog recently underwent some major design changes to increase its readibility and navigational ease. Hope that you find the changes refreshing. Also, we have partnered with Zazzle.com to bring you quality Black History Heroes t-shirt designs. Check out the first BHH t-shirt design which features Jack Johnson. T-shirt designs are available in both men and women styles. Order one today! </p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1> </p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><p$1><em>Happy Black History Month 2011!</em> </p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1></p$1></div></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></div></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></div></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></div></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></div></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></div></p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></div></p$1></p$1></p$1></div></p$1><p$1><p$1> </p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1><p$1></p$1></p$1></p$1></div><p$1></p$1></p$1></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-16971522318930729372011-01-17T13:45:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.574-07:00Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. - Atlanta Speech<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgugfLmpi53eoQku3a6OxflrsQzD2pcU2JwybSpYa8xAh-IdLsY3nuUy56epGtcEm7hl75LOL7BTjfRaz1B0QZfsduf-K6jUF_R8CdSbGBNoPCyvERWT3d_us5CCtm5QTJXcJHcBRhZ_t0/s1600/Photo+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Orator.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" nx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgugfLmpi53eoQku3a6OxflrsQzD2pcU2JwybSpYa8xAh-IdLsY3nuUy56epGtcEm7hl75LOL7BTjfRaz1B0QZfsduf-K6jUF_R8CdSbGBNoPCyvERWT3d_us5CCtm5QTJXcJHcBRhZ_t0/s320/Photo+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Orator.jpg" width="320" /></a><em><strong></strong></em></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><em><strong>The public address by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. repritned here was made to the Tenth Anniversary Convention of the S.C.L.C. in Atlanta, Georgia on August 16, 1967.</strong></em></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;">'Where Do We Go From Here'</span></strong></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>Southern Christian Leadership Conference</strong></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.</strong><br />(born: January 15, 1929 – died: April 4, 1968)</div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">N</span> ow, in order to answer the question, "Where do we go from here?" which is our theme, we must first honestly recognize where we are now. When the Constitution was written, a strange formula to determine taxes and representation declared that the Negro was 60 percent of a person. Today another curious formula seems to declare he is 50 percent of a person. Of the good things in life, the Negro has approximately one half those of whites. Of the bad things of life, he has twice those of whites. Thus half of all Negroes live in substandard housing. And Negroes have half the income of whites. When we view the negative experiences of life, the Negro has a double share. There are twice as many unemployed. The rate of infant mortality among Negroes is double that of whites and there are twice as many Negroes dying in Vietnam as whites in proportion to their size in the population. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In other spheres, the figures are equally alarming. In elementary schools, Negroes lag one to three years behind whites, and their segregated schools receive substantially less money per student than the white schools. One twentieth as many Negroes as whites attend college. Of employed Negroes, 75 percent hold menial jobs. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This is where we are. Where do we go from here? First, we must massively assert our dignity and worth. We must stand up amidst a system that still oppresses us and develop an unassailable and majestic sense of values. We must no longer be ashamed of being black. The job of arousing manhood within a people that have been taught for so many centuries that they are nobody is not easy. </div><br /><strong>DEPICTION OF BLACKNESS AND NEGRO CONTRIBUTIONS</strong><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_dHBxp0M87zm0Gm85h-7pQnqWk3yEc05NSeyPx1uev52QAQ9uEYe0n2YNRKQ6wVNChtLsWm3QWsBjPCKx-N9hbx_Zks7svgquqeAIuFcUUP_DY9ItFZbqYoUurazivXBoSa3b4_toDYU/s1600/Photo+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Speech.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="276" nx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_dHBxp0M87zm0Gm85h-7pQnqWk3yEc05NSeyPx1uev52QAQ9uEYe0n2YNRKQ6wVNChtLsWm3QWsBjPCKx-N9hbx_Zks7svgquqeAIuFcUUP_DY9ItFZbqYoUurazivXBoSa3b4_toDYU/s320/Photo+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Speech.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Photo of Martn Luther King, Jr.</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Even semantics have conspired to make that which is black seem ugly and degrading. In Roget's Thesaurus there are 120 synonyms for blackness and at least 60 of them are offensive, as for example, blot, soot, grim, devil and foul. And there are some 134 synonyms for whiteness and all are favorable, expressed in such words as purity, cleanliness, chastity and innocence. A white lie is better than a black lie. The most degenerate member of a family is a "black sheep." Ossie Davis has suggested that maybe the English language should be reconstructed so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 ways to despise himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of inferiority, and the white child 134 ways to adore himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The tendency to ignore the Negro's contribution to American life and to strip him of his personhood, is as old as the earliest history books and as contemporary as the morning's newspaper. To upset this cultural homicide, the Negro must rise up with an affirmation of his own Olympian manhood. Any movement for the Negro's freedom that overlooks this necessity is only waiting to be buried. As long as the mind is enslaved, the body can never be free. Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weapon against the long night of physical slavery. No Lincolnian Emancipation Proclamation or Johnsonian Civil Rights Bill can totally bring this kind of freedom. The Negro will only be free when he reaches down to the inner depths of his own being and signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own Emancipation Proclamation. And, with a spirit straining toward true self-esteem, the Negro must boldly throw off the manacles of self-abnegation and say to himself and to the world, "I am somebody. I am a person. I am a man with dignity and honor. I have a rich and noble history. How painful and exploited that history has been. Yes, I was a slave through my foreparents and I am not ashamed of that. I'm ashamed of the people who were so sinful to make me a slave." Yes, we must stand up and say, "I'm black and I'm beautiful," and this self-affirmation is the black man's need, made compelling by the white man's crimes against him. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BASIC CHALLENGES</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Another basic challenge is to discover how to organize our strength in terms of economic and political power. No one can deny that the Negro is in dire need of this kind of legitimate power. Indeed, one of the great problems that the Negro confronts is his lack of power. From old plantations of the South to newer ghettos of the North, the Negro has been confined to a life of voicelessness and powerlessness. Stripped of the right to make decisions concerning his life and destiny he has been subject to the authoritarian and sometimes whimsical decisions of this white power structure. The plantation and ghetto were created by those who had power, both to confine those who had no power and to perpetuate their powerlessness. The problem of transforming the ghetto, therefore, is a problem of power--confrontation of the forces of power demanding change and the forces of power dedicated to the preserving of the status quo. Now power properly understood is nothing but the ability to achieve purpose. It is the strength required to bring about social, political and economic change. Walter Reuther defined power one day. He said, "Power is the ability of a labor union like the U.A.W. to make the most powerful corporation in the world, General Motors, say 'Yes' when it wants to say 'No.' That's power." </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Now a lot of us are preachers, and all of us have our moral convictions and concerns, and so often have problems with power. There is nothing wrong with power if power is used correctly. You see, what happened is that some of our philosophers got off base. And one of the great problems of history is that the concepts of love and power have usually been contrasted as opposites - polar opposites, so that love is identified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It was this misinterpretation that caused Nietzsche, who was a philosopher of the will to power, to reject the Christian concept of love. It was this same misinterpretation which induced Christian theologians to reject the Nietzschean philosophy of the will to power in the name of the Christian idea of love. Now, we've got to get this thing right. What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive, and love without power is sentimental and anemic. Power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love. And this is what we must see as we move on. What has happened is that we have had it wrong and confused in our own country, and this has led Negro Americans in the past to seek their goals through power devoid of love and conscience. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This is leading a few extremists today to advocate for Negroes the same destructive and conscienceless power that they have justly abhorred in whites. It is precisely this collision of immoral power with powerless morality which constitutes the major crisis of our times. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>DEVELOPING A PROGRAM?</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">We must develop a program that will drive the nation to a guaranteed annual income. Now, early in this century this proposal would have been greeted with ridicule and denunciation, as destructive of initiative and responsibility. At that time economic status was considered the measure of the individual's ability and talents. And, in the thinking of that day, the absence of worldly goods indicated a want of industrious habits and moral fiber. We've come a long way in our understanding of human motivation and of the blind operation of our economic system. Now we realize that dislocations in the market operations of our economy and the prevalence of discrimination thrust people into idleness and bind them in constant or frequent unemployment against their will. Today the poor are less often dismissed, I hope, from our consciences by being branded as inferior or incompetent. We also know that no matter how dynamically the economy develops and expands, it does not eliminate all poverty. <br /><br /><a name='more'></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The problem indicates that our emphasis must be twofold. We must create full employment or we must create incomes. People must be made consumers by one method or the other. Once they are placed in this position we need to be concerned that the potential of the individual is not wasted. New forms of work that enhance the social good will have to be devised for those for whom traditional jobs are not available. In I879 Henry George anticipated this state of affairs when he wrote in Progress and Poverty: </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote>"The fact is that the work which improves the condition of mankind, the work which extends knowledge and increases power and enriches literature and elevates thought, is not done to secure a living. It is not the work of slaves driven to their tasks either by the task, by the taskmaster, or by animal necessity. It is the work of men who somehow find a form of work that brings a security for its own sake and a state of society where want is abolished." </blockquote></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Work of this sort could be enormously increased, and we are likely to find that the problems of housing and education, instead of preceding the elimination of poverty, will themselves be affected if poverty is first abolished. The poor transformed into purchasers will do a great deal on their own to alter housing decay. Negroes who have a double disability will have a greater effect on discrimination when they have the additional weapon of cash to use in their struggle. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Beyond these advantages, a host of positive psychological changes inevitably will result from widespread economic security. The dignity of the individual will flourish when the decisions concerning his life are in his own hands, when he has the means to seek self-improvement. Personal conflicts among husbands, wives and children will diminish when the unjust measurement of human worth on the scale of dollars is eliminated. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Now our country can do this. John Kenneth Galbraith said that a guaranteed annual income could be done for about twenty billion dollars a year. And I say to you today, that if our nation can spend thirty-five billion dollars a year to fight an unjust, evil war in Vietnam, and twenty billion dollars to put a man on the moon, it can spend billions of dollars to put God's children on their own two feet right here on earth. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>COMMITMENT TO NONVIOLENCE?</strong> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Now, let me say briefly that we must reaffirm our commitment to nonviolence. I want to stress this. The futility of violence in the struggle for racial justice has been tragically etched in all the recent Negro riots. Yesterday, I tried to analyze the riots and deal with their causes. Today I want to give the other side. There is certainly something painfully sad about a riot. One sees screaming youngsters and angry adults fighting hopelessly and aimlessly against impossible odds. And deep down within them, you can even see a desire for self-destruction, a kind of suicidal longing. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Occasionally Negroes contend that the 1965 Watts riot and the other riots in various cities represented effective civil rights action. But those who express this view always end up with stumbling words when asked what concrete gains have been won as a result. At best, the riots have produced a little additional antipoverty money allotted by frightened government officials, and a few water-sprinklers to cool the children of the ghettos. It is something like improving the food in the prison while the people remain securely incarcerated behind bars. Nowhere have the riots won any concrete improvement such as have the organized protest demonstrations. When one tries to pin down advocates of violence as to what acts would be effective, the answers are blatantly illogical. Sometimes they talk of overthrowing racist state and local governments and they talk about guerrilla warfare. They fail to see that no internal revolution has ever succeeded in overthrowing a government by violence unless the government had already lost the allegiance and effective control of its armed forces. Anyone in his right mind knows that this will not happen in the United States. In a violent racial situation, the power structure has the local police, the state troopers, the National Guard and, finally, the Army to call on all of which are predominantly white. Furthermore, few if any violent revolutions have been successful unless the violent minority had the sympathy and support of the nonresistant majority. Castro may have had only a few Cubans actually fighting with him up in the hills, but he could never have overthrown the Batista regime unless he had the sympathy of the vast majority of Cuban people. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It is perfectly clear that a violent revolution on the part of American blacks would find no sympathy and support from the white population and very little from the majority of the Negroes themselves. This is no time for romantic illusions and empty philosophical debates about freedom. This is a time for action. What is needed is a strategy for change, a tactical program that will bring the Negro into the mainstream of American life as quickly as possible. So far, this has only been offered by the nonviolent movement. Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don't solve, answers that don't answer and explanations that don't explain. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">And so I say to you today that I still stand by nonviolence. And I am still convinced that it is the most potent weapon available to the Negro in his struggle for justice in this country. And the other thing is that I am concerned about a better world. I'm concerned about justice. I'm concerned about brotherhood. I'm concerned about truth. And when one is concerned about these, he can never advocate violence. For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder. Through violence you may murder a liar but you can't establish truth. Through violence you may murder a hater, but you can't murder hate. Darkness cannot put out darkness. Only light can do that. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">And I say to you, I have also decided to stick to love. For I know that love is ultimately the only answer to mankind's problems. And I'm going to talk about it everywhere I go. I know it isn't popular to talk about it in some circles today. I'm not talking about emotional bosh when I talk about love, I'm talking about a strong, demanding love. And I have seen too much hate. I've seen too much hate on the faces of sheriffs in the South. I've seen hate on the faces of too many Klansmen and too many White Citizens Councilors in the South to want to hate myself, because every time I see it, I know that it does something to their faces and their personalities and I say to myself that hate is too great a burden to bear. I have decided to love. If you are seeking the highest good, I think you can find it through love. And the beautiful thing is that we are moving against wrong when we do it, because John was right, God is love. He who hates does not know God, but he who has love has the key that unlocks the door to the meaning of ultimate reality. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">I want to say to you as I move to my conclusion, as we talk about "Where do we go from here," that we honestly face the fact that the Movement must address itself to the question of restructuring the whole of American society. There are forty million poor people here. And one day we must ask the question, "Why are there forty million poor people in America?" And when you begin to ask that question, you are raising questions about the economic system, about a broader distribution of wealth. When you ask that question, you begin to question the capitalistic economy. And I'm simply saying that more and more, we've got to begin to ask questions about the whole society. We are called upon to help the discouraged beggars in life's market place. But one day we must come to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring. It means that questions must be raised. You see, my friends, when you deal with this, you begin to ask the question, "Who owns the oil?" You begin to ask the question, "Who owns the iron ore?" You begin to ask the question, "Why is it that people have to pay water bills in a world that is two thirds water?" These are questions that must be asked. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>ABOUT COMMUNISM</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Now, don't think that you have me in a "bind" today. I'm not talking about Communism. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">What I'm saying to you this morning is that Communism forgets that life is individual. Capitalism forgets that life is social, and the Kingdom of Brotherhood is found neither in the thesis of Communism nor the antithesis of capitalism but in a higher synthesis. It is found in a higher synthesis that combines the truths of both. Now, when I say question the whole society, it means ultimately coming to see that the problem of racism, the problem of economic exploitation, and the problem of war are all tied together. These are the triple evils that are interrelated. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If you will let me be a preacher just a little bit - One night, a juror came to Jesus and he wanted to know what he could do to be saved. Jesus didn't get bogged down in the kind of isolated approach of what he shouldn't do. Jesus didn't say, "Now Nicodemus, you must stop lying." HE didn't say, "Nicodemus, you must stop cheating if you are doing that." He didn't say, "Nicodemus, you must not commit adultery." He didn't say, "Nicodemus, now you must stop drinking liquor if you are doing that excessively." He said something altogether different, because Jesus realized something basic - that if a man will lie, he will steal. And if a man will steal, he will kill. So instead of just getting bogged down in one thing, Jesus looked at him and said, "Nicodemus, you must be born again." </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">He said, in other words, "Your whole structure must be changed." A nation that will keep people in slavery for 244 years will "thingify" them - make them things. Therefore they will exploit them, and poor people generally, economically. And a nation that will exploit economically will have to have foreign investments and everything else, and will have to use its military might to protect them. All of these problems are tied together. What I am saying today is that we must go from this convention and say, "America, you must be born again!" </div><br /><strong>CONCLUSION</strong><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">So, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a "divine dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. [,et us be dissatisfied until those that live on the outskirts of hope are brought into the metropolis of daily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history, and every family is living in a decent sanitary home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem but as an opportunity to participate in the beauty of diversity. Let us be dissatisfied until men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the content of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin. Let us be dissatisfied. Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses a governor who will do justly, who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied. And men will recognize that out of one blood God made all men to dwell upon the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when nobody will shout "White Power!" - when nobody will shout "Black Power!" - but everybody will talk about God's power and human power. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">I must confess, my friends, the road ahead will not always be smooth. There will still be rocky places of frustration and meandering points of bewilderment. There will be inevitable setbacks here and there. There will be those moments when the buoyancy of hope will be transformed into the fatigue of despair. Our dreams will sometimes be shattered and our ethereal hopes blasted. We may again with tear-drenched eyes have to stand before the bier of some courageous civil-rights worker whose life will be snuffed out by the dastardly acts of bloodthirsty mobs. Difficult and painful as it is, we must walk on in the days ahead with an audacious faith in the future. And as we continue our charted course, we may gain consolation in the words so nobly left by that great black bard who was also a great freedom fighter of yesterday, James Weldon Johnson: </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><em>Stony the road we trod,</em><br /><em>Bitter the chastening rod</em><em><br /></em><em>Felt in the days</em><em><br /></em><em>When hope unborn had died.</em><br /><em>Yet with a steady beat,</em><br /><em>Have not our weary feet</em><br /><em>Come to the place</em><br /><em>For which our fathers sighed? </em><br /><em>We have come over the way</em><br /><em>That with tears hath been watered.</em><br /><em>We have come treading our paths</em><br /><em>Through the blood of the slaughtered,</em><br /><em>Out from the gloomy past,</em><br /><em>Till now we stand at last</em><br /><em>Where the bright gleam</em><br /><em>Of our bright star is cast.</em><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Let this affirmation be our ringing cry. It will give us the courage to face the uncertainties of the future. It will give our tired feet new strength as we continue our forward stride toward the city of freedom. When our days become dreary with low hovering clouds of despair, and when our nights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us remember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigantic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is long but it bends toward justice. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Let us realize that William Cullen Bryant is right: "Truth crushed to earth will rise again." Let us go out realizing that the Bible is right: "Be not deceived, God is not mocked. Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap." This is our hope for the future, and with this faith we will be able to sing in some not too distant tomorrow with a cosmic past tense, "We have overcome, we have overcome, deep in my heart, I did believe we would overcome." <br /><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=0446678090&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-55267911933262574362011-01-16T13:18:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.578-07:00World Music: African Soul Compilation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><strong>African Soul Compilation</strong><br />including music of Wanda Gimbya-Bobotie of Namibia<br /><br /><object height="244" width="325"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/8XxRmiFcmBc?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0xe1600f&color2=0xfebd01"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/8XxRmiFcmBc?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0xe1600f&color2=0xfebd01" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="325" height="244"></embed></object><br /><br /><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=0520206282&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=B000025TTQ&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Further references:<br /><br /><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Black-Music-Two-Worlds-African-American/dp/002864929X?ie=UTF8&tag=blachisthero-20&link_code=btl&camp=213689&creative=392969" target="_blank">Black Music of Two Worlds: African, Caribbean, Latin, and African-American Traditions</a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=blachisthero-20&l=btl&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=002864929X" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important;" width="1" /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.amazon.com/World-Music-African-Various-Artists/dp/B000003EJ4?ie=UTF8&tag=blachisthero-20&link_code=btl&camp=213689&creative=392969" target="_blank">World Music: African</a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=blachisthero-20&l=btl&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B000003EJ4" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important;" width="1" /></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-85567563764218987092010-12-09T12:57:00.000-08:002011-04-12T09:11:33.581-07:00Black Women in Europe: Power List 2010<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p$1></p$1><div id="__ss_6013937" style="width: 325px;"><i>Courtesy of </i><b><i>Adrianne George</i></b><i>, Integrated Marketing Communications Consultant at AG Communications Group (Stockholm, Sweden)</i><br /><br /><p$1><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/ageorgegal/black-women-in-europe-power-list-2010" title="Black Women in Europe: Power List 2010">Black Women in Europe: Power List 2010</a><object height="305" id="__sse6013937" width="375"><param name="movie" value="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=dmc-fv4-bwie-pw-2010-101203021038-phpapp02&rel=0&stripped_title=black-women-in-europe-power-list-2010&userName=ageorgegal" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/><embed name="__sse6013937" src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=dmc-fv4-bwie-pw-2010-101203021038-phpapp02&rel=0&stripped_title=black-women-in-europe-power-list-2010&userName=ageorgegal" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="375" height="305"></embed></object><br /></p$1><div style="padding: 5px 0px 12px;"><p$1>View more <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/">presentations</a> from <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/ageorgegal">Adrianne George</a>.</p$1></div><p$1></p$1></div><p$1></p$1></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-51566531694744597322010-10-25T10:11:00.000-07:002011-04-12T09:11:33.583-07:00Annie Turnbo Malone: A Black Philanthropist and Entrepreneur<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzsJfHSL5RR5gojGKttHfEjp-ZCikyO6_4ktaXdJajz6XGgfX7G5yor19VvdK8NsN0PAFX6IQ_Rj5jyW52qFerkIfFvSE_kEww32-kISQ5Gontt4d-F-NX3z3i4aUlsKw6rQSUGN9ACqU/s1600/Photo+of+Annie+Turnbo+Pope+Malone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" nx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzsJfHSL5RR5gojGKttHfEjp-ZCikyO6_4ktaXdJajz6XGgfX7G5yor19VvdK8NsN0PAFX6IQ_Rj5jyW52qFerkIfFvSE_kEww32-kISQ5Gontt4d-F-NX3z3i4aUlsKw6rQSUGN9ACqU/s200/Photo+of+Annie+Turnbo+Pope+Malone.jpg" width="168" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Annie Turnbo Malone (1869-1957)</span></strong><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Before Oprah Winfrey and Madame C.J. Walker there was Annie Turnbo Malone (aka <em>Annie Minerva Turnbo Pope Malone </em>and<em> Annie Minerva Turnbo Malone</em>), an African American entrepreneur and philanthropist during the early 20th century. Malone is reportedly the U.S.'s first black millionaire based on reports of $14 million in assets held in 1920 from her beauty and cosmetic enterprises. </div><br /><strong>Early Life of Annie Turnbo</strong><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">On August 9, 1869, Robert Turnbo and Isabella Cook became parents to Annie in Metropolis, Illinois. Annie attended school in Illinois where she apprentenced with her sister as a hairdresser. By 1889, Malone had developed her own scalp and hair products that she demonstrated and sold from a buggy throughout Illinois. </div><br /><strong>Launches the "Poro" Brand in St. Louis, MO</strong><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPm8I3QMOEvVCGzr-KmcSuYJm3NX5kGZPyKtbIlpC7y3gYRnbdCF2Gi84widO61lt4m8-QRt4MU88UC9X4LaJT8_8AlZEFQ1aHWKLGh7vqXUbKqY-hJigeIY-B8vLrcU21UgfIokacLQg/s1600/Photo+of+Poro+College,+St.+Louis.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" nx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPm8I3QMOEvVCGzr-KmcSuYJm3NX5kGZPyKtbIlpC7y3gYRnbdCF2Gi84widO61lt4m8-QRt4MU88UC9X4LaJT8_8AlZEFQ1aHWKLGh7vqXUbKqY-hJigeIY-B8vLrcU21UgfIokacLQg/s320/Photo+of+Poro+College,+St.+Louis.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Image of Poro College, St. Louis</span></strong></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">By 1902, Malone's business growth led her to St. Louis, Missouri, which at the time held the fourth largest population of African Americans. In St. Louis she copyrighted her Poro brand beauty products. In 1914, in a St. Louis wedding, Malone married the school principal Aaron Eugene Malon.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoQUYbnCrmFvj43kzwPgeqF53pwZhMT_Kj_HoF0BPlLVxu9A6JIt7V265T874_DtWBaIvt64CQxWfyb0AjTRT2qGzM22F3tLftWjPjPLL5eOPsAdol_lhQkOfguOWXef5pCpl9pJ9x3tc/s1600/Photo+of+Annie+Turnbo+Pope+Malone,+Poro+College.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" nx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoQUYbnCrmFvj43kzwPgeqF53pwZhMT_Kj_HoF0BPlLVxu9A6JIt7V265T874_DtWBaIvt64CQxWfyb0AjTRT2qGzM22F3tLftWjPjPLL5eOPsAdol_lhQkOfguOWXef5pCpl9pJ9x3tc/s320/Photo+of+Annie+Turnbo+Pope+Malone,+Poro+College.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Poro College Administrative Building</span></strong></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">By 1917, Malone opened the doors of Poro College, a beauty college which was later attended by Madam C.J. Walker. The school reportedly graduated about 75,000 agents world-wide, including the Caribbean. By 1930, the first full year of the Great Depression, Malone had moved from Missouri after divorcing her second husband and settled on Chicago's South Side.</div><br /><strong>The Black Philanthropist</strong><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">From 1919 to 1943, Malone served as board president of the St. Louis Colored Orphan's Home. She had donated the first $10,000 to build the orphanage's new building in 1919. During the 1920s, Malone's philanthropy included financing the education of two full-time students in every historically black college and university. Her $25,000 donation to Howard University was among the largest gifts the university had received by a private donor of African descent. </div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTg4Xuiy47WJa_IHWVhXQhvqRb5j1lmLAEbnv-6eBmYnM-tAs1e3tWOLrkm7h5wAterqe-9xS76_BFRF3T8_SnUUjQ7mX7FUgkADSOdqFsSwxh3Rn9v3ggFdYa8XgGtm6OzXl98Avr_DM/s1600/Photo+of+Annie+Malone,+Black+Entrepreneur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" nx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTg4Xuiy47WJa_IHWVhXQhvqRb5j1lmLAEbnv-6eBmYnM-tAs1e3tWOLrkm7h5wAterqe-9xS76_BFRF3T8_SnUUjQ7mX7FUgkADSOdqFsSwxh3Rn9v3ggFdYa8XgGtm6OzXl98Avr_DM/s320/Photo+of+Annie+Malone,+Black+Entrepreneur.jpg" width="253" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Annie Turnbo Malone</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">On May 10, 1957, Annie Turnbo Malone was treated for a stroke at Provident Hospital in Chicago where she died. At the time of her death Poro beauty colleges were in operation in more than thirty U.S. cities.<br /><a name='more'></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">St. Louis honors her memory with the Annie Malone Children and Family Service Center whose mission is "is to improve the quality of life for children, families, elderly and the community by providing social services, educational programs, advocacy and entrepreneurship." </div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><object height="244" width="325"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/uVOOjnbJ-EU?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0x2b405b&color2=0x6b8ab6"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/uVOOjnbJ-EU?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0x2b405b&color2=0x6b8ab6" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="325" height="244"></embed></object></div><br /><strong>Further reference</strong>: Annie Malone Children and Family Service Center: <a href="http://www.anniemalone.com/about-us.html">www.anniemalone.com/about-us.html</a></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-46557179280516357722010-09-18T10:34:00.000-07:002011-04-12T09:11:33.586-07:00Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela: First Black President of South Africa<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihu7l6YRPquyJKhEHACZxOfZwepIoUwfBQfqaD0P1T5pnwJ3LLx5SlgTXBDOuq9crxft5lz6RuCEtLLDtVMSP7PojhnWJsN15ER8GY3FZdL8SBEg3368qjOajyLED6BpDOBz5K6HFvGB8/s1600/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihu7l6YRPquyJKhEHACZxOfZwepIoUwfBQfqaD0P1T5pnwJ3LLx5SlgTXBDOuq9crxft5lz6RuCEtLLDtVMSP7PojhnWJsN15ER8GY3FZdL8SBEg3368qjOajyLED6BpDOBz5K6HFvGB8/s320/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was the first black president of the </b></span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Republic of South Africa, serving from 1994 to 1999</b></span></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">On July 18, 1918, Mandela was born along the Mbashe River in the village of Mvezo, in the Umtata district. AllAfrica.com and the BBC both report that Mandela was "born Rolihlahla Dalibhunga." Mandela explains in his 1994 autobiography, <em>Long Walk to Freedom</em>, that he was given the English name "Nelson" by his teacher Miss Mdingane on his first day at school, which he explains was a common practice within white South African institutions, where whites were unable or unwilling to pronounce African names.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In <em>Long Walk to Freedom</em>, Mandela writes that "[a]part from life, a strong constitution, and an abiding connection to the Thembu royal house, the only thing my father bestowed upon me at birth was a name, Rolihlahla. In Xhosa, Rolihlahla literally means 'pulling the branch of a tree,' but its colloquial meaning more accurately would be 'troublemaker.'"</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTujFT3DneE3ONPvrgxqO1gGBlzDEyUagCQ6_X097JfDbP9zSqWoTgl8NObhPGrd9QjnJo0cZimh4vv6p4E2JtgVL6gPpVLgz5KyqDEkR4mKVYmKbdIFJf_muNfOaeD8HTIRFfk6KVXs4/s1600/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela+in+Traditional+Clothing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTujFT3DneE3ONPvrgxqO1gGBlzDEyUagCQ6_X097JfDbP9zSqWoTgl8NObhPGrd9QjnJo0cZimh4vv6p4E2JtgVL6gPpVLgz5KyqDEkR4mKVYmKbdIFJf_muNfOaeD8HTIRFfk6KVXs4/s320/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela+in+Traditional+Clothing.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was chief of Mvezo in the Transkeiean territories, and from the African indigenous Thembu royal family line. His mother was Nosekeni Fanny, the third of his father's four wives. Mandela was one of thirteen children and had three older brothers.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Education of Nelson Mandela</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1930, when Mandela was nine years old, his father died. He was adopted by the paramount chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Under the Regent Jongintaba's guardianship, Mandela attended Wesleyan Mission School, where he was trained for leadership. He also studied at Clarkebury Boarding Institute and Wesleyan College. He also studied at Fort Hare University before he and Oliver Tambo were expelled in 1940 after boycotting against university policies. In a turn of history, the University of Hare would later establish the Nelson R. Mandela School of Law.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Mandela began his law studies at the University of Witwatersrand, but would earn his law degree in 1942 from the University of South Africa. Mandela's political activism made his legal studies a challenge; he initially failed the exams required for his LLB law degree in 1948. This was the same year the apartheid promoting National Party won its political victory. Along with Sisulu, Tambo, and others, Mandela organized the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) in Johannesburg. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">By 1952, Mandela opened his law office, teaming up with Oliver Tambo to create the first black legal practice in South Africa. Mandela became the ANCYL's deputy national president. Here, he challenged institutional apartheid and fought for civil rights through land redistribution, trade union rights, and free and compulsory education for all children. The same year, the apartheid government banned Mandela's attendance at any political meetings or from holding an office within the ANC under the Suppression of Communism Act. In response, Mandela and Tambo initiated the M-plan (M for Mandela), which broke the ANC down into cells that could operate underground if necessary. </div><br /><strong>The Treason Trial and the Start of an Armed Struggle</strong><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong></strong>On December 5, 1956, in response to the adoption of the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People, Nelson Mandela and Chief Albert Luthuli, then ANC President, were among the 156 people arrested and charged with high treason for their political activism. Punishment for high treason was death. Those arrested included most of the leadership of the ANC, Southern African Indian Congress, Coloured People's Congress, Congress of Democrats, and the South African Congress of Trade Unions, known collectively as the Congress Alliance. Eventually acquitted, during the treason trial Nelson Mandela met and eventually married his second wife Nomzamo Winnie Madikizela (aka Winnie Mandela, Winnie Madikizela Mandea and Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela). She would be his champion during his 27 years of incarceration as a political prisoner. <br /><a name='more'></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg43G_47XjH6BpjkvdEojMVj1elBnY0rHIuVLawViIXvGM_p8zfi1ade7wNaWHiLsPzfTFCK91uFGsG38dCo2ZpEBfNeCE_js0MIlgvvZIP-UdPJyi0pSWZSQEFFM2Z8p_t08l9Qv6xTpA/s1600/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela+and+Winnie+Mandela.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg43G_47XjH6BpjkvdEojMVj1elBnY0rHIuVLawViIXvGM_p8zfi1ade7wNaWHiLsPzfTFCK91uFGsG38dCo2ZpEBfNeCE_js0MIlgvvZIP-UdPJyi0pSWZSQEFFM2Z8p_t08l9Qv6xTpA/s320/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela+and+Winnie+Mandela.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Photo of Nelson Mandela with Winnie Mandela</b></span></div><br /><strong>South African Apartheid and the Sharpeville Massacre</strong><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">While Mandela was formerly committed to non-violent protest, he began to believe that armed struggle was the only way to achieve change. He co-founded Umkhonto we Sizwe, also known as MK, an offshoot of the ANC dedicated to an armed struggle, including sabotage and guerrilla war tactics to end apartheid. By 1959, however, the ANC lost much of its militant support when the Africanists broke away to form the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">On March 21, 1960, 69 black Africans were killed and about 180 were injured when the South African police opened fire on demonstrators at Sharpeville. This transformed the ANC's strategy from a nonviolent movement using civil unrest techniques such as boycott, strike, civil disobedience and non-cooperation, to that of an armed struggle using guerrilla warfare against the apartheid regime. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As a brief history of European settlement, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was among the first Europeans to reach the region in 1487. The two major groups were the Xhosa and Zulu peoples at the time of European contact in Southern Africa. By 1652, Dutchman Jan van Riebeeck established a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope at Cape Town on behalf of the Dutch East India Company. Dutch is the primary origin of the Afrikaan language, with an estimated 90 to 95 percent of Afrikaans vocabulary being of Dutch origin. </div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><object height="240" width="360"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/JQVnAuLRZ44?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0xe1600f&color2=0xfebd01"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/JQVnAuLRZ44?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0xe1600f&color2=0xfebd01" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="360" height="240"></embed></object></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">South Africa commemorates the 50th Anniversary of the Sharpeville Massacre</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Nelson Mandela: From Prison to Presidency</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1964, Mandela was arrested again, this time on a charge of sabotage. This time, however, he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was incarcerated on Robben Island, near Cape Town, as prisoner 46664 for 18 of his 27 years in prison. Mandela imprisonment became a symbol of black oppression and a world-wide symbol of the resistance to racism. It sparked Pan Africanist responses from the Americas through support of organizations like TransAfrica under the efforts of the African American lawyer Randall Robinson. Mandela gained world-wide support, even from Europe. He was allowed to study for a Bachelor of Laws through a University of London correspondence program.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Mandela may have become the most revered prisoner in modern history. He would indeed be the trouble-maker, using his life to help dismantle apartheid to form a new multiracial democracy. In 1990, Nelson Mandela was released from prison under then leadership of his country's president Frederik Willem de Klerk. By July 1991, he was elected president of the ANC. In 1993, Mandela and de Klerk were both awarded Nobel Peace Prizes. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq7d1jW4k3OQLQGhTvLmyZRHzj8_HebcR4yG86V2GYAEsg-23aBn9lNSAnPkARa1eyuua617fszXehZvGOLnEF75ayjIQEB7d3nUnoaAJDlAfncu0x4v7N-ShyRNZ3mH_36LPhtlqJSuc/s1600/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela+and+Frederik+de+Klerk+at+the+World+Economic+Forum+Annual+Meeting+Davos+1992.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq7d1jW4k3OQLQGhTvLmyZRHzj8_HebcR4yG86V2GYAEsg-23aBn9lNSAnPkARa1eyuua617fszXehZvGOLnEF75ayjIQEB7d3nUnoaAJDlAfncu0x4v7N-ShyRNZ3mH_36LPhtlqJSuc/s320/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela+and+Frederik+de+Klerk+at+the+World+Economic+Forum+Annual+Meeting+Davos+1992.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Nelson Mandela and Frederik de Klerk at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 1992</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">On May 10, 1994, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was elected the first black South African president as a result of its first multiracial elections. The same year he married Evelyn Mase, Walter Sisulu's cousin. He served as president until 1999 before retiring from active politics. He maintained a busy schedule of fund-raising for his Mandela Foundation, which aims to build schools and medical clinics in South Africa’s rural regions. In 2001, he was diagnosed and treated for prostate cancer. June 2004, at age 85, he announced his formal retirement from public life. </div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyDFkaEXrMGvgWym4Cfz_8Hc4NRt2I-J0zCdXRfZDq6lvn-bSTjGZAPwFFvZlNRC9VHLjpWnxkF44fdrmPU3YOe4CkBlMWwCATshuNcvGOFKPKZfeDxeWoGrdPswAkr-zPNqrdHooyzVw/s1600/Photo+of+Nelson+Rolihlahla+Mandela.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyDFkaEXrMGvgWym4Cfz_8Hc4NRt2I-J0zCdXRfZDq6lvn-bSTjGZAPwFFvZlNRC9VHLjpWnxkF44fdrmPU3YOe4CkBlMWwCATshuNcvGOFKPKZfeDxeWoGrdPswAkr-zPNqrdHooyzVw/s320/Photo+of+Nelson+Rolihlahla+Mandela.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>Photo of Nelson Mandela in his native South Africa</b></div></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-27652759551981535352010-09-07T10:08:00.000-07:002011-04-12T09:11:33.590-07:00Kwame Nkrumah: Ghanaian Pan Africanist<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOBmtP1dAueZYpVaMXjrij1H_iSPoUvutgXB_q5Kkh5enUsT5zLaq3Hkogs2N27nGIAzfFFvwX0VMMUapzIYZt2jKpgXaIRc7bntNMdYmJBJ4895OQp96Ys-De-BGJ7zvEYmqMUNzvlWk/s1600/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOBmtP1dAueZYpVaMXjrij1H_iSPoUvutgXB_q5Kkh5enUsT5zLaq3Hkogs2N27nGIAzfFFvwX0VMMUapzIYZt2jKpgXaIRc7bntNMdYmJBJ4895OQp96Ys-De-BGJ7zvEYmqMUNzvlWk/s200/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah (born: September 21, 1909 - died: April 27, 1972).</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">First President of Ghana and a founding member of the Organization of African Unity.</span></strong></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Kwame Nkrumah was born September 21, 1909 at Nkroful, Gold Coast (now Ghana). He was originally named after Francis Nwia-Kofi, an honored family personality. Son of goldsmith Kofi Ngonloma of the Asona Clan and Elizabeth Nyanibah of the Anona Clan, Nkrumah showed an early thirst for education. In 1930, Nkrumah completed studies at the acclaimed Prince of Wales’ Achimota School in Accra. Dr. Kwegyir Aggrey, Assistant Vice Principal and the first African staff member at the college, became his mentor.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><b>Kwame Nkrumah U.S. Studies</b><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">By 1935, Nkrumah undertook advance studies in the United States at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. In 1939, he earned an BA in Economics and Sociology. By 1942, he earned an BA in Theology. By 1943, Nkrumah had earned an M.Sc. (Education), an MA (Philosophy), and completed course work for a Ph. D. degree at the University of Pennsylvania. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">During his U.S. undergraduate studies, Nkrumah also pledged the predominately African-American Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, an academic honor society. He is said to have introduced African traditional steps to the fraternity's stepping tradition, including <a href="http://students.washington.edu/pbskl/step.htm">cane stepping</a>. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><b>Kwame Nkrumah Organizes Pan-Africans in Europe</b><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Arriving in London in May of 1945, Nkrumah organized the 5th Pan-African Congress in Manchester, England and began networking through organizations like the West African Students' Union, where he served as vice-president. This same year he officially changed his name from Francis Nwia-Kofi to Kwame Nkrumah.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFBx_GQT1wY-ymyYQojp2fjeQ0emX9wvnYg9E2zYmg0yFbcVWXihd4XGjLPlOm6jZrm5g2rFtERs5SsblsM-xDjoUPCRYwoJh3j27TDjvpKw4Ln_CxQYLF_0vuIkPQElojFPlpbPXBX-I/s1600/GHANA.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFBx_GQT1wY-ymyYQojp2fjeQ0emX9wvnYg9E2zYmg0yFbcVWXihd4XGjLPlOm6jZrm5g2rFtERs5SsblsM-xDjoUPCRYwoJh3j27TDjvpKw4Ln_CxQYLF_0vuIkPQElojFPlpbPXBX-I/s320/GHANA.gif" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Image of the West African nation of Ghana</strong></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">By December 1947, Nkrumah had returned to his homeland as a teacher, scholar, and political activist. He became General Secretary of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), which explored strategies for gaining independence from colonial England. Under Nkrumah's leadership, the UGCC attracted local political support from farmers and women. Women did not have the right to vote in many traditional patriarchial societies and farmers who were not land-owners also did not have the suffrage. In 1948, Accra, Kumasi, and other areas of the Gold Coast were experiencing general social unrest, which the British colonial government accredited to the UGCC. By 1949, Nkrumah had galvanized wide support and reorganized his efforts under the Convention People's Party (CPP). </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Nkrumah advocated for constitutional changes. This included self-government, universal franchise without property qualifications, and a separate house of chiefs. Jailed by the colonial administration in 1950 for his political activism, the CPP's 1951 election sweep was followed by Nkrumah's release. Ghana was declared an independent state on March 6, 1957.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbmOo7rB5YnNXvKAHoRK_PWjc9WCCrCZccd4pBQt8RErapoRAm9Bwd5B2Rm-voB4YhRhjd9CedvwIsrZ5DBaDQrwf05N9aH6o4Ls6jdu-5FynZBcMKS6IEGt6q_IRse6wyKshFMCD8P4/s1600/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+and+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King,+Jr..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbmOo7rB5YnNXvKAHoRK_PWjc9WCCrCZccd4pBQt8RErapoRAm9Bwd5B2Rm-voB4YhRhjd9CedvwIsrZ5DBaDQrwf05N9aH6o4Ls6jdu-5FynZBcMKS6IEGt6q_IRse6wyKshFMCD8P4/s320/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+and+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King,+Jr..jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Kwame Nkrumah and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.</span></strong></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">A devout Pan-Africanist, Nkrumah supported African federation under the auspices of the United States of African. He also had meaningful dialogue with African intellectuals from the diaspora, including W.E.B. DuBois, Martin Luther King, Jr., and <a href="http://blackhistoryheroes.blogspot.com/2010/06/marcus-garvey.html">Marcus Mosiah Garvey</a>. He also corresponded with Trinidadian C.L.R. James, whom he credited with teaching him how an "underground movement worked." Nkrumah played a pivotal role in developing the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963, the same year he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.<br /><a name='more'></a><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgliQ2RqhrHWIS-h7wqlo1p_Db17Cn2jUMxpGRAxYGeLOOsl-0G5KS3ms9-ngPRj33ap_Lmq5tMHT7xKHMx4Ki2pGPGvKz1czrqJq1IpUp_70wyb9myBpKstV3U2Dml-zCT5xdhoDOK0bo/s1600/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+Hall+in+Dar+Es+Salaam+Tanzania.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgliQ2RqhrHWIS-h7wqlo1p_Db17Cn2jUMxpGRAxYGeLOOsl-0G5KS3ms9-ngPRj33ap_Lmq5tMHT7xKHMx4Ki2pGPGvKz1czrqJq1IpUp_70wyb9myBpKstV3U2Dml-zCT5xdhoDOK0bo/s320/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+Hall+in+Dar+Es+Salaam+Tanzania.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Nkrumah Hall at the University of Dar es Salaam </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</span></strong></div><br /><b>President of Ghana in West Africa</b><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">By 1964, Ghana was operating as a one-party state with Nkrumah as life president. Often criticized for developing non-participatory governance, by 1966 the Ghanaian military overthrew Nkrumah's administration. Nkrumah died in exile on April 27, 1972 in Bucharest, Romania. Nkrumah authored over 20 books and publications. For further references, Panaf Books has a list of Nkrumah's writings at their <a href="http://www.panafbooks.com/ISBN.html">on-line website</a>.<br /> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXeC8qY-qDIXgfr1VbWF989fMUAf36dM6XwuBY-g2XmUUDoIJbm4u2cCHOTUFQpAF2MZIuTa6qBUSu-avrKj8FTB3fWtKObX3DyvR2HZbCWeyf2KNLvKYjCmrWWolBe_FALk77Qs5PMq4/s1600/photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+Mausoleum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXeC8qY-qDIXgfr1VbWF989fMUAf36dM6XwuBY-g2XmUUDoIJbm4u2cCHOTUFQpAF2MZIuTa6qBUSu-avrKj8FTB3fWtKObX3DyvR2HZbCWeyf2KNLvKYjCmrWWolBe_FALk77Qs5PMq4/s320/photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+Mausoleum.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum and Memorial Park is located </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">in downtown Accra, the capital of Ghana</span></strong></div><br />Here is a video dedicated to Kwame Nkrumah by Ghana's very own musician Obrafour:<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><object height="244" width="325"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/gMih2TddFdQ?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0xe1600f&color2=0xfebd01"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/gMih2TddFdQ?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0xe1600f&color2=0xfebd01" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="325" height="244"></embed></object></div></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-42791739739575411262010-08-09T12:42:00.000-07:002011-04-12T09:11:33.593-07:00Charles Hamilton Houston: Legal Social Engineer for a Just Society<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigF2XESX-dRe0KBCyX7vxAYDJYOLZdjVT1jMJSzeoytJgYCHtO0U7ljeEMFtfdASQyG0j3_S9_yqOjDz9RYux8apIrqg0pj-gR7rP6w0T-h_8jh2eIQ2yZhA8jVQ1Yaf5xRjbnANLHFEY/s1600/charles+hamilton+HOUSTONPIC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" bx="true" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigF2XESX-dRe0KBCyX7vxAYDJYOLZdjVT1jMJSzeoytJgYCHtO0U7ljeEMFtfdASQyG0j3_S9_yqOjDz9RYux8apIrqg0pj-gR7rP6w0T-h_8jh2eIQ2yZhA8jVQ1Yaf5xRjbnANLHFEY/s200/charles+hamilton+HOUSTONPIC.jpg" width="160" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><em>As scholar, educator, and lawyer, Charles Hamilton Houston dedicated his life to fighting racism with the rule of law as an instrument for justice and social change.</em> <br /><br /><strong>Early Life of Charles Hamilton Houston</strong><br /><br />Charles Houston owed much of his early success to his remarkably dedicated parents. He was born on September 3, 1895. His mother was Mary Hamilton Houston a stylist (seamstress and hairdresser) to Washington D.C. politicians. His father was William Le Pre Houston Houston, a general practice attorney for more than four decades in D.C. who also taught law practice management tat Howard University's law school.<br /><div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm1XxKENa1bMbwSX5P70zD8KWaKW1m5EH9cSHESaXD6hQxmU_EBNKvQNALPPcvg_TKIKIdKXwSHTIfj-Jl1muK4B8-5UCndP1yVTNtD3t3ISpn6t1K3R_Dv0SxngfIOJ39U297mB2gdss/s1600/charles+hamilton+houston-family.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm1XxKENa1bMbwSX5P70zD8KWaKW1m5EH9cSHESaXD6hQxmU_EBNKvQNALPPcvg_TKIKIdKXwSHTIfj-Jl1muK4B8-5UCndP1yVTNtD3t3ISpn6t1K3R_Dv0SxngfIOJ39U297mB2gdss/s320/charles+hamilton+houston-family.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Charles Hamilton Houston (center) with his mother and father</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Houston graduated from high school at 15 years old. In 1915, he was one of six valedictorians graduating from Amherst College in Massachusetts. He was also the only black student in his class. By 1917, Houston started teaching "Negro Literature" and English at Howard University in D.C., the same year the U.S. government entered World War I. Houston enlisted in the war in 1919 as a second lieutenant in field artillery where he served in France.<br /><div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIOlrJpgr6SMMmsCyxhSvCJfVKlpEc9lbUKIubI4n-HtxcyaRBCf1OEuAWD40hQ8UviCJyf3ton2DpyaLFW6t7292G0TicDVdGfKTsU9IJE_AF7Zv3g384WsnrK6_aZ7FX60AEhxaqy-8/s1600/charles+hamilton+houstonlieutenant-lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIOlrJpgr6SMMmsCyxhSvCJfVKlpEc9lbUKIubI4n-HtxcyaRBCf1OEuAWD40hQ8UviCJyf3ton2DpyaLFW6t7292G0TicDVdGfKTsU9IJE_AF7Zv3g384WsnrK6_aZ7FX60AEhxaqy-8/s320/charles+hamilton+houstonlieutenant-lg.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Lieutenant Charles Hamilton Houston</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Houston understood racism and its impact on African Americans. As an U.S. officer in France, Houston endured the double fight of the black U.S. soldiers in Europe. Black soldiers fought on two fronts against both Nazi aggression and white racist aggression that was a great part of military life.<br /><br /><strong>Houston Returns from War and Studies Law</strong><br /><br />After an honorable discharge from the military, Houston returned to D.C. He applied to Harvard Law School and was accepted. He graduated in 1922 with a Bachelor of Laws. By 1923, he had earned a doctorate, distinguished himself as a scholar at Harvard where he became the first black editor of the Harvard Law Review. <br /><br /><div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfkR4JUq4SPYL7_saVqeVtfzPgfvvrXLd1ZeJRfts_zibO_AjaMu9lgV_yyTwNpp6vnvhv6BaE3W4SXHw0i6uCSmC1TWZVCLReoRMmDtlmAbNVvlZ7XarotgEFe_7epHaA-zUfPWx5LDY/s1600/charles+hamilton+houston%27s+father+william-houston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfkR4JUq4SPYL7_saVqeVtfzPgfvvrXLd1ZeJRfts_zibO_AjaMu9lgV_yyTwNpp6vnvhv6BaE3W4SXHw0i6uCSmC1TWZVCLReoRMmDtlmAbNVvlZ7XarotgEFe_7epHaA-zUfPWx5LDY/s320/charles+hamilton+houston%27s+father+william-houston.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Attorney William Le Pre Houston Houston, </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">father of Charles Hamilton Houston, in his law office</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>In 1924, after his return from studying at the University of Madrid, Houston joined his father's D.C. law firm. In addition to starting a civil rights law practice, in 1924 Houston began teaching at Howard University School of Law, then a part-time night school. <br /><br /><strong>Houston Mentors Other Lawyers</strong><br /><br />Hamilton believed that a lawyer was "either a social engineer or a parasite on society" and saw his role as a legal educator as part of his social responsibility. By 1929, Howard University had developed into a full-time law school under his encouragement and was the training ground for about a quarter of the nation's black law students. <br /><br /><div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCJEFaely5k8PK-VJFmShktXnxsi9IQFFlX6Rl8s2FVpzwNy27vfa3PCZtgIIxEXKlpoLPMFoJZVzarD-EVenV2QJB3eGFZROvxNq7EfG1HzFKsx4aKfphS7Sosu2d1g__CusmAOKoink/s1600/Charles+Hamilton+Houston+-+Thurgood+Marshall+(left)+and+Houston+(center),+with+Donald+Gaines+Murray,+plaintiff+in+a+key+civil+rights+case.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCJEFaely5k8PK-VJFmShktXnxsi9IQFFlX6Rl8s2FVpzwNy27vfa3PCZtgIIxEXKlpoLPMFoJZVzarD-EVenV2QJB3eGFZROvxNq7EfG1HzFKsx4aKfphS7Sosu2d1g__CusmAOKoink/s320/Charles+Hamilton+Houston+-+Thurgood+Marshall+(left)+and+Houston+(center),+with+Donald+Gaines+Murray,+plaintiff+in+a+key+civil+rights+case.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Thurgood Marshall (standing) with </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">a seated Charles Hamilton Houston (center)</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div>Houston's pupils at Howard University included Thurgood Marshall, the nation's first African American U.S. Supreme Court Justice. Marshall was also part of the legal team in the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court landmark case of <em><a href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=347&invol=483">Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka</a></em>, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) -- which comprised many of his fellow Howard Law School alums. Other former students of Houston was A. Leon Higginbotham, William Hastie, James Nabrit, Robert Carter, George E.C. Hayes, Jack Greenberg, Oliver Hill, and Spottswood Robinson. In <em>Brown</em>, the U.S. Supreme Court made the historic ruling that racial segregation in primary and seconary public school was unconstitutional.<br /><br /><strong>Houston's Legal Attack on the "Separate But Equal" Doctrine</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZwPX_o4UGgoMKsjU52qDXwg1NmTo09_kx6RC4bHWOWx7B1ieRQ9hyphenhyphenJea6YS_n7y2GbPlEnPJg6ZZLQsSYkUlMAGmEw2r-Ie_BYsaHMZR4Qr4uMOtN_IEQfN5CWmvrZpdj1QSRFXxtKbY/s1600/Charles+Hamilton+Houston+launched+the+legal+assault+on+%E2%80%9CJim+Crow%E2%80%9D+laws.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZwPX_o4UGgoMKsjU52qDXwg1NmTo09_kx6RC4bHWOWx7B1ieRQ9hyphenhyphenJea6YS_n7y2GbPlEnPJg6ZZLQsSYkUlMAGmEw2r-Ie_BYsaHMZR4Qr4uMOtN_IEQfN5CWmvrZpdj1QSRFXxtKbY/s320/Charles+Hamilton+Houston+launched+the+legal+assault+on+%E2%80%9CJim+Crow%E2%80%9D+laws.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Charles Hamilton Houston in the courtroom</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>As a constitutional scholar, Houston knew that the "separate but equal" doctrine accepted by the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case of <em><a href="http://brownat50.org/brownCases/BrownCasesFrameset.html">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></em>, 163 U.S. 537 (1896) was contrary to a sound rule of law. In 1934, Houston became special counsel with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP). He surrounded himself with a select group of young lawyers, many of his aforementioned former Howard Law School students. Houston soon became "senior counsel" to the young legal strategists that would end legalized racial segregation in the United States. <br /><br /><div>As the NAACP's special counsel, Houston traveled throughout the U.S. South with a camera and a typewriter. He and his team of lawyers recorded conditions at public facilities for blacks and whites, reasoning that segregationist states were not even meeting the <em>Plessy</em> "separate but equal" standard.</div><br /><strong>Developing Important Early Civil Rights Case Law</strong><br /><br /><div> By 1935, Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall prevailed in <em><a href="http://www.brownat50.org/brownCases/PreBrownCases/PearsonvMurrayMd1936.htm">Murray v. Pearson</a></em>, 182 A. 590, 169 Md. 478, 103 A.L.R. 706 (1936), a Maryland Court of Appeals decision where the black plaintiff challenged his denied entry into the then segregated University of Maryland law school. Legal counsel for the university argued that their client's met the separate but equal requirement when it granted qualified black applicants scholarships to enroll in law schools out-of-state. </div><br />The Maryland state courts rejected this argument, holding that Maryland’s out-of-state option was not an equal opportunity for law students who wanted to practice law in Maryland as Maryland lawyers. In 1936, the law school was ordered to admit qualified black students. Thurgood Marshall was among the previously qualified students denied entry into the Maryland law school, making the legal victory an especially sweet one for the Houston legal team.<br /><br />In 1939, another of Houston's important civil rights cases was ruled upon in <em><a href="http://brownat50.org/brownCases/BrownCasesFrameset.html">State of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada</a></em>, 305 U.S. 337 (1938). In <em>Gaines</em>, the reasoning in the <em>Pearson</em> state case was adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court and applied nationwide. In essence, the Court held that Missouri law school faculty's unique curriculum made "separate but equal" unattainable in legal education. <br /><a name='more'></a><br /><strong>Houston on the Role of Lawyers as Social Engineers</strong><br /><blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgNyouHcpES8Xvs3anEWsGnTzytheWN9ckZQTLjKFZ70pNMVl9Q3ubG3RT7fI6VYR3Jeq8eXBKkIu77kOQzVTH4niTMHbfZdXhkVeO-u2Yz2RQILuYBr1kT6_PhSGLCQNUxlyYISblV0Y/s1600/charles+hamilton+houston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgNyouHcpES8Xvs3anEWsGnTzytheWN9ckZQTLjKFZ70pNMVl9Q3ubG3RT7fI6VYR3Jeq8eXBKkIu77kOQzVTH4niTMHbfZdXhkVeO-u2Yz2RQILuYBr1kT6_PhSGLCQNUxlyYISblV0Y/s320/charles+hamilton+houston.jpg" /></a></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>Photo of attorney Charles Hamilton Houston</strong></div><blockquote>According to Houston, "[the] Negro lawyer must be trained as a social engineer and group interpreter. Due to the Negro's social and political condition . . . the Negro lawyer must be prepared to anticipate, guide and interpret his group advancement. . . . [Moreover, he must act as] business advisor . . . for the protection of the scattered resources possessed or controlled by the group. . . . He must provide more ways and means for holding within the group the income now flowing through it."<br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">McNeil, <em>Groundwork</em> at 71 (1983), quoting Charles Hamilton Houston, "Personal Observations on the Summary of Studies in Legal Education as Applied to the Howard University School of Law," (May 28, 1929).</span></blockquote>In 1940, ill health led Houston to retire from the NAACP as special counsel. On April 22, 1950, Houston died, four years after the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 ruling in <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em>. In 1950, the NAACP posthumously awarded him the Spingarn Medal. In 1958, Howard University School of Law's main building was dedicated as Charles Hamilton Houston Hall. <br /><br /><div> Charles Hamilton Houston's words continues to guide Howard University School of Law's mission:</div><blockquote>"'A lawyer's either a social engineer or he's a parasite on society'. . . . A social engineer was a highly skilled, perceptive, sensitive lawyer who understood the Constitution of the United States and knew how to explore its uses in the solving of 'problems of . . . local communities' and in 'bettering conditions of the underprivileged citizens.'"</blockquote><blockquote><span style="font-size: x-small;">McNeil, <em>Groundwork</em> at 84 (1983), quoting Charles Hamilton Houston (McNeil cites Thurgood Marshall as quoted in Geraldine Segal, In Any Fight Some Fall at 34 (Mercury Press 1975)).</span></blockquote>Thurgood Marshall is reported as having remarked that “[w]e owe it all to Charlie.<br /><br /><strong>FURTHER READING:</strong><br /><br /><u>Books</u>:<br /><ul><li>Greenberg, Jack, "Crusaders in the Courts: How a Dedicated Band of Lawyers Fought for the Civil Rights Revolution," Basic Books (1994) </li><li>Kruger, Richard, "Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality," Vintage Books (1977)</li><li>McNeil, Genna Rae McNeil, "Groundwork: Charles Hamilton Houston and the Struggle for Civil Rights," U. of Pa. Press (1983)</li><li>Smith, Jr., J. Clay, "Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944," U. of Pa. Press (1993) </li><li>Tushnet, Mark V., "The NAACP's Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education, 1925-1950," Univ. of North Carolina Press (1987)</li></ul><u>Law Review Articles</u>:<br /><ul><li>Charles Hamilton Houston Commemorative Issue, 32 How. L. J. (1989) </li><li>Charles Hamilton Houston Symposium, 27 New England L. Rev. (1993)</li><li>Brittain, John C., <em>The Culture of Civil Rights Lawyers: A Tribute to Justice Thurgood Marshall</em>, 61 Conn. L. Rev. 1 (1992) (including copious discussion of Charles Hamilton Houston)</li><li>Higgonbotham Jr., A. Leon, <em>Reflections on the Impact of Charles Hamilton Houston - from a Unique Perspective,</em> 27 New England L. Rev. 605 (1993)</li><li>Hobbs, Steven H., <em>From the Shoulders of Houston: a Vision for Social and Economic Justice</em>, 32 How. L. J. 505 (1989)</li><li>Jones, Nathaniel R., <em>The Sisyphean Impact on Houstonian Jurisprudence (attorney Charles Hamilton Houston)</em>, 69 U. Cincinnati L. Rev. 435 (2001)</li><li>Levi, Jennifer L., <em>Paving the Road: A Charles Hamilton Houston Approach to Securing Trans Rights</em>, 7 Wm & Mary J. Women & the Law 5 (2000)</li><li>Reed, Michael Wilson, <em>The Contribution of Charles Hamilton Houston to American Jurisprudence</em>, 30 How. L. J. 1095 (1987) </li><li>Tushnet, Mark, <em>The Politics of Equality in Constitutional Law: The Equal Protection Clause, Dr. Du Bois, and Charles Hamilton Houston</em>, 74 J. Am. History 884 (1987)</li><li>Walter J. Leonard,<em> Charles Hamilton Houston and the Search for a Just Society</em>, 22 N. Carolina Central L. J. 1 (1996)</li><li>Ware, Leland, <em>A Difference in Emphasis: Charles Houston's Transformation of Legal Education</em>, 32 How. L. J. 479 (1989)</li></ul><br /><br /><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=1596916060&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=0814740529&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-3127462801283231562010-07-20T15:44:00.000-07:002011-04-12T09:11:33.596-07:00Johannes Leo Africanus and the Recorded Legacy of Timbuktu<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNatN3kbX9BJ74N8v6SI-5khPCjSxefwu4efxRKIHyoVMb8MD_poT413FYO2eHgGgIo2o_S0YtPuvlsq5K1S-B8KVt3V4vLz6-YMNwLCKDAZVyxm54Ie1LyHJN0cjsNzL8gYdb3w41tso/s1600/Title+page+of+Johannes+Leo+Africanus%3B+John+Pory+(trans.+%26+comp.)+(1600).+A+Geographical+Historie+of+Africa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNatN3kbX9BJ74N8v6SI-5khPCjSxefwu4efxRKIHyoVMb8MD_poT413FYO2eHgGgIo2o_S0YtPuvlsq5K1S-B8KVt3V4vLz6-YMNwLCKDAZVyxm54Ie1LyHJN0cjsNzL8gYdb3w41tso/s400/Title+page+of+Johannes+Leo+Africanus%3B+John+Pory+(trans.+%26+comp.)+(1600).+A+Geographical+Historie+of+Africa.jpg" width="247" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Title page of <em>A Geographical Historie of Africa</em> by</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Johannes Leo Africanus (1600)</strong></div><br />Johannes Leo Africanus (c. 1494 - 1554) was a Moorish diplomat, traveler, historian, and writer best known for his book <em>Description of Africa</em> (Descrittione dell’Africa) which described North African geography, including the famed city of Timbuktu (Timbuctoo) in Mali, West Africa.<br /><br />In about 1494, Leo Africanus was born in Granada, a city at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains in Spain. This was a major city on the Spanish (Iberian) peninsula. It had been conquered by the Moors of Africa for nearly 800 years. After Leo Africanus' birth, his family moved from Spain to Fez, Morocco in North Africa. In Morocco, he studied at the University of Al Karaouines and started the intellectual journey that would lead him on diplomatic missions across Africa and Europe. This included the Maghreb (Also <em>Maghrib</em>, Berber: <em>Tamazgha</em>, Arabic: بلدان المغرب ,) and the Timbuktu region (c. 1510), then part of the Songhai (Songhay) Empire. <br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigCnzCEkWjzYe_F8NQIYEu16x4NVFI9wInovOfUX4LeMNJaxBTo66boHcoMpUvqabEH6JTM1jeP1koiebSbUZaVQqDUYjv7pxaRc36nP0OxI_et4lT46c_Pfyq_JIvjAUE3WHPcqgXU4o/s1600/leo+africanus+timbuktu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigCnzCEkWjzYe_F8NQIYEu16x4NVFI9wInovOfUX4LeMNJaxBTo66boHcoMpUvqabEH6JTM1jeP1koiebSbUZaVQqDUYjv7pxaRc36nP0OxI_et4lT46c_Pfyq_JIvjAUE3WHPcqgXU4o/s320/leo+africanus+timbuktu.jpg" /></a></div><br />Fifteen kilometers north of the Niger River, Timbuktu is a historic city whose very name conjures a sense of mystery. Known as the City of Wisdom, the legacy of the muslim king Mansa Musa and the recorded history of the Songhai and Mali Empires are part of Timbuktu's rich historical heritage. <br /><br /><b>The Kingdom of Mali</b><br /><br />By the 11th Century, Mali's rulers had been converted to Islam in the West African region of Timbuktu, a city in the Tombouctou Region of Mali. Three centuries later, commentators note from Arab travelers that the religion of Islam practiced in this region of Africa is somewhat Africanized from that practiced by their Arabian brethren. Mansa Musa was known in his time as the richest king in Africa because of the wealth he acquired in his Empire's wide network of commercial trade. <br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgywW-v5s2UzXGKeCrrh0Bm3nrxW2lI0mQ7a5VQSQJod4ARFf3oSKhpk1c74N4SEKmogmVrqv0KaYJx59vh2bUyHXN_LUUtMUQWbBLMty7vnMj8fYu8vnUXMEiI_33CYe850MJxbFcQzc8/s1600/Untitled+woodcut+map+of+Africa+from+Leo+Africanus,+Historiale+description+de+l%27Afrique,+tierce+partie+dv+monde.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgywW-v5s2UzXGKeCrrh0Bm3nrxW2lI0mQ7a5VQSQJod4ARFf3oSKhpk1c74N4SEKmogmVrqv0KaYJx59vh2bUyHXN_LUUtMUQWbBLMty7vnMj8fYu8vnUXMEiI_33CYe850MJxbFcQzc8/s400/Untitled+woodcut+map+of+Africa+from+Leo+Africanus,+Historiale+description+de+l%27Afrique,+tierce+partie+dv+monde.jpg" width="255" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Untitled woodcut map of Africa from Leo Africanus, </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><em><strong>Historiale description de l'Afrique, tierce partie dv monde</strong></em></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoMYNn9P5cVOA12IfO7vBMz1I2C4WV3fe-gUbaZPDDVwvd_qnXQS66k7mK98vaC-dUerW3mGt-kHNlqxDWymx83ZDF8Kimk_l2NcAtBJZoWr1YhGINYbHIKEHTNoXUm4nIySC3V3taljs/s1600/Mansa+Musa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoMYNn9P5cVOA12IfO7vBMz1I2C4WV3fe-gUbaZPDDVwvd_qnXQS66k7mK98vaC-dUerW3mGt-kHNlqxDWymx83ZDF8Kimk_l2NcAtBJZoWr1YhGINYbHIKEHTNoXUm4nIySC3V3taljs/s320/Mansa+Musa.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Illustration f Mansa Musa depicted holding </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>a gold nugget (cir. 1375 Catalan Atlas)</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>The earliest full account of Timbuktu came from Africanus in the 16th Century. He described the city's splendent court life, its scholars, noted as "bountifully maintained at the king's cost." Timbuktu had a reputation for its learned universities, pomp royal palace ceremonies, architectural glories, and busy markets that included international traders. <br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmfj09W5QF2nkn6paIrkG9LRgXKza0eKAAGeZxFzCWe_Hy91dikBuOejHZtCMORVOSEyuo9ov6tPINT5fKyFb3b-ddKwVUL83ejOaLNhTx5_9AM4XB2AMOeYoIpAlt9IP9OgX3znOvv0c/s1600/Timbuktu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmfj09W5QF2nkn6paIrkG9LRgXKza0eKAAGeZxFzCWe_Hy91dikBuOejHZtCMORVOSEyuo9ov6tPINT5fKyFb3b-ddKwVUL83ejOaLNhTx5_9AM4XB2AMOeYoIpAlt9IP9OgX3znOvv0c/s320/Timbuktu.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Once a central center of Islamic teaching in Africa, Timbuktu’s architectural glories, including many mosques, have been reclaimed in part by the desert. By 1828, French adventurer René Caillié's pilgrimage to Timbuktu found the city ravished by the raids of neighboring tribes. Populated by the Fulani, Mande, Songhai, and Tuareg, the people and the historical romance of scholarship and trade within Timbuktu remains.<br /><br /><div align="center"><object height="244" width="325"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/iYMkTxNQGGU&hl=en_US&fs=1?color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/iYMkTxNQGGU&hl=en_US&fs=1?color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="325" height="244"></embed></object></div><div align="center"><strong>Video of lost libraries of Timbuktu - City of Scholars (BBC)</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=B001PTG4NC&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=0500514216&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></strong><br /><strong></strong><br /><br /></div></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-91805044866824476772010-07-12T08:57:00.000-07:002011-04-12T09:11:33.599-07:00George Washington Carver: Scientist and Inventor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCw3i57yhPaGhfZgCPAppOqPvG0q4CbAPqqpWUCS-NHD1bolP0haYdngqncWmuUknRqtiv1qa076egFYJ2xuKxxgFqXYitD0GqpNk7N7yDxxCIjKvV06jTLmXdM4Pzdfk6e_FrxxGwA2g/s1600/Picture+of+George+Washington+Carver+taken+by+Frances+Benjamin+Johnston+in+1906.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCw3i57yhPaGhfZgCPAppOqPvG0q4CbAPqqpWUCS-NHD1bolP0haYdngqncWmuUknRqtiv1qa076egFYJ2xuKxxgFqXYitD0GqpNk7N7yDxxCIjKvV06jTLmXdM4Pzdfk6e_FrxxGwA2g/s200/Picture+of+George+Washington+Carver+taken+by+Frances+Benjamin+Johnston+in+1906.jpg" width="164" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Picture of George Washington Carver (1864-1943)</span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">taken by Frances Benjamin Johnston in 1906</span></strong></div><blockquote>“I love to think of nature as an unlimited broadcasting station, through which God speaks to us every hour, if we will only tune in.” ~ George Washington Carver</blockquote>The peanut butter packaged and sold by such American brands as Skippy was invented by George Washington Carver. In U.S. society, George Washington Carver is the first person of record to make oil out of the peanut. This is the same peanut oil that can be found on many grocery store shelves today. While many people know about these innovations, they do not know that Carver created from the peanut, pecan, and sweet potato hundreds of inventions.<br /><br />Dr. Carver works included the development of agricultural derived adhesives, gasoline fuel, shaving cream, shampoos, hand lotions, insecticide, glue, bleach, sugar, synthetic rubber, and other innovations from natural agricultural resources. He devoted his life to understanding nature and the alternative uses of a simple plant. He is reported to have extracted medicines from weeds and through the separation of fats, oils, gums, resins and sugars, he found over 300 new uses for the peanut alone.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong></strong> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmd_A1CAECqyQTcfeUnjWuRraoqynPLQ-0vnSnshZ3qVFFeAU8iNJgYVtC5wp9We_WiOKlJ8kq7bQd5j5MAWwyTXL05_bVzeZfXDyRvkaH4knUxKBirNVbjvikSkd1UQ-aM9rCzXzWd5w/s1600/George-washington-carver-nmon-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmd_A1CAECqyQTcfeUnjWuRraoqynPLQ-0vnSnshZ3qVFFeAU8iNJgYVtC5wp9We_WiOKlJ8kq7bQd5j5MAWwyTXL05_bVzeZfXDyRvkaH4knUxKBirNVbjvikSkd1UQ-aM9rCzXzWd5w/s320/George-washington-carver-nmon-1.jpg" /></a></div><blockquote><em>Photo of the George Washington Carver National Monument, a unit of the National Park Service located about two miles west of Diamond, Missouri. Depicting Dr. Carver as a young boy, this statute was founded on July 14, 1943 by Franklin Delano Roosevelt who dedicated $30,000 to the monument. It was the first national monument dedicated to an African-American and first to a non-President.</em></blockquote>In 1864 (exact birth date unknown), George Washington Carver was born into the institution of slavery near Diamond Grove, Missouri. He was kidnapped from his mother by slavers as a baby. As a slave, his early weak condition in body made him of no use in the field. Carver worked in a domestic capacity and gardening became a part of his work. On the plantation he was known as the 'Plant Doctor." Despite the challenge of his birth, Carver applied and was admitted to Highland College in Highland, Kansas from his application submission that did not mention or request his race. When he arrived at Highland College its president, learning then of his skin color, withdrew the college's acceptance.<br /><div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA-ET3Dc8-iuGG_9q_6b3Tx96SMDZ-c2AtouUxAMxfE8bZNLNe97VJCGSWF-Pz1GDZPlHOaqY-hOVpzmxT6Y1yAtGpqe0it-6Zv2KSJ-4JwBDky_ZnpUE0G89OpkVtycerD27weAmTtqY/s1600/george-washington-carver-pix.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA-ET3Dc8-iuGG_9q_6b3Tx96SMDZ-c2AtouUxAMxfE8bZNLNe97VJCGSWF-Pz1GDZPlHOaqY-hOVpzmxT6Y1yAtGpqe0it-6Zv2KSJ-4JwBDky_ZnpUE0G89OpkVtycerD27weAmTtqY/s320/george-washington-carver-pix.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>George Washington Carver in his laboratory.</strong></div><br />At that point in his life, instead of college, Carver went into business. He opened a laundry and subsequently worked as a cook in Winterset, Iowa. Saving his money, Carver was the first person of African descent to be admitted to Simpson College in Iowa. He eventually transferred to Iowa Agricultural College (Iowa State College). There he earned a Bachelors and Masters of Science degrees in agricultural and bacterial botany. Carver became the first black teacher at Iowa State College.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIurQPklwDpkMjCUTBlQpasaW7S1oefiAVQR4jc3pH02H_n3dZntwEUqGXBUlyplXpguhcTVhXVxqmNKpIApAxwg5uuRZ23x5VtYCQkZGxrvZUXknm4ZX3yrAztTB4PhOpjrDRXfRkBJo/s1600/Photo+of+George+Washington+Carver+(front+row,+center)+poses+with+fellow+staff+members+at+the+Tuskegee+Institute+(now+known+as+Tuskegee+University)+located+in+the+U.S.+state+of+Alabama..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIurQPklwDpkMjCUTBlQpasaW7S1oefiAVQR4jc3pH02H_n3dZntwEUqGXBUlyplXpguhcTVhXVxqmNKpIApAxwg5uuRZ23x5VtYCQkZGxrvZUXknm4ZX3yrAztTB4PhOpjrDRXfRkBJo/s320/Photo+of+George+Washington+Carver+(front+row,+center)+poses+with+fellow+staff+members+at+the+Tuskegee+Institute+(now+known+as+Tuskegee+University)+located+in+the+U.S.+state+of+Alabama..jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">George Washington Carver (center, front row) poses with fellow </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>Tuskegee Institute </strong><strong>staff members in 1902 (now known as Tuskegee University)</strong> </span></div><br />Upon the invite of Booker T. Washington, Dr. Carver relocated to Alabama's Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (Tuskegee Institute, now known as Tuskegee University). At Tuskegee, Carver spearheaded the university's Agricultural Department, a dynamic agricultural research department that he served for more than 50 years. There was much farming innovation developed out of Tuskegee during the course of Carver's leadership. This included translating scientific theory into great practical assistance to local farmers, including former slaves, who sought self-sufficiency through farming. Carver assisted many southern farmers, black and white, in producing additional products from their staple crops in an effort to increase family farm income.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMwI90tKsPF7Y9VjjKBlTWwJwXXtHCthOAQYN7_Vw-PzfhaxgJ6EeVeRMamMF9N3lWzzeChTOKKxpMrIisaKf8f4xTEMOUujGVyAK4GaRou8OhccXZYH-ruMML9xrI9lHKOzbESJ0rUFs/s1600/Illustration+of+George+Washington+Carver+by+Charles+Alston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMwI90tKsPF7Y9VjjKBlTWwJwXXtHCthOAQYN7_Vw-PzfhaxgJ6EeVeRMamMF9N3lWzzeChTOKKxpMrIisaKf8f4xTEMOUujGVyAK4GaRou8OhccXZYH-ruMML9xrI9lHKOzbESJ0rUFs/s320/Illustration+of+George+Washington+Carver+by+Charles+Alston.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Illustration of George Washington Carver by Charles Alston (1943)</strong></div><br />Carver's work was a course in sustainable development. His legacy is the original green. This included providing American farmers training in soil fertilization and crop rotation innovations. He introduced southern farmers to new soil enriching plants such as the peanut, pecan, and the sweet potatoe. This diversified the agricultural tradition of farmers in the U.S. southern states whose agricultural economy was based predominantly on cotton production. Carver's work in agricultural recycling is significant in that he introduced southern farmers to practical innovative uses for farm waste. Tuskegee Institute research during this time included scientific works in chemistry, nutrition, plant pathology, and genetics.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlGGc23HMbtuDs1W1X0BjNRdqmNUtsapQOKtwoxwk39oFlrS4oso-WVnGGQerczDL1TgnJ4CMVfwP1A48oNmeZ5xJyDJ0w42yt7wQ3lBmafDS6NKFT4eKGmLabMgGpESmmdF0C2zJjZjg/s1600/Painting+of+George+Washington+Carver,+by+Betsy+Graves+Reyneau,+Oil+on+canvas+(1942).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlGGc23HMbtuDs1W1X0BjNRdqmNUtsapQOKtwoxwk39oFlrS4oso-WVnGGQerczDL1TgnJ4CMVfwP1A48oNmeZ5xJyDJ0w42yt7wQ3lBmafDS6NKFT4eKGmLabMgGpESmmdF0C2zJjZjg/s320/Painting+of+George+Washington+Carver,+by+Betsy+Graves+Reyneau,+Oil+on+canvas+(1942).jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Painting of George Washington Carver, </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>by Betsy Graves Reyneau, oil on canvas (1942)</strong></div><blockquote><em>“Reading about nature is fine, but if a person walks in the woods and listens carefully, he can learn more than what is in books, for they speak with the voice of God.”</em> ~ George Washington Carver</blockquote>“All mankind are the beneficiaries of his discoveries in the field of agricultural chemistry," stated the late U.S. President Franklin T. Roosevelt. "The things which he achieved in the face of early handicaps will for all time afford an inspiring example to youth everywhere." <br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWCaHt9eY67Q08jQoQU2-fCFsv_Tqnmsm3Qn-Tyk51o3VvdYCE8BTxBt1ICCyA592nYzDBzXU2mk0zUnvrD1Rg7p6ulW8UDLcjkwZl8AFOvA0t9RrDMDeZHvpPWx5BozKKJFycNdFoSuw/s1600/George+Washington+Carver+Stamp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWCaHt9eY67Q08jQoQU2-fCFsv_Tqnmsm3Qn-Tyk51o3VvdYCE8BTxBt1ICCyA592nYzDBzXU2mk0zUnvrD1Rg7p6ulW8UDLcjkwZl8AFOvA0t9RrDMDeZHvpPWx5BozKKJFycNdFoSuw/s320/George+Washington+Carver+Stamp.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>George Washington Carver stamp issued on January 5, 1948 </strong><strong>by the United States Postal Service</strong></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>George Washington Carver received three formal U.S. patents from his peanut inventions. His works, however, includes 118 applications for inventions derived from sweet potatoes, cowpeas, soybeans, and pecans. His sweet potato inventions included 73 dyes, 17 wood fillers, 14 candies, 5 library pastes, 5 breakfast foods, 4 starches, 4 flours, 3 molasses’s, vinegar and spiced vinegar, dry coffee and instant coffee, candy, after-dinner mints, orange drops, and lemon drops.<br /><br />The National Peanut Board reports Dr. Carver's works to include food products that ranged from "peanut lemon punch, chili sauce, caramel, peanut sausage, mayonnaise and coffee. Cosmetics included face powder, shampoo, shaving cream and hand lotion. Insecticides, glue, charcoal, rubber, nitroglycerine, plastics and axle grease are just a few of the many valuable peanut products discovered by Dr. Carver.”<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTVhh48sEIlcS9xvXe1oMXq9XvKm0qjfXRk6ltVBULFSmzlU2ELS9pMpZPsMaa-fqQE3T_FJyaIwZo9gXwoiFubljL9Lsffv49CNA-dNkXNVo3flGrfY4-hVaKh468eH3dHDrXLJvAG4/s1600/Worker+on+the+SS+George+Washington+Carver+in+the+Richmond+Yards.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTVhh48sEIlcS9xvXe1oMXq9XvKm0qjfXRk6ltVBULFSmzlU2ELS9pMpZPsMaa-fqQE3T_FJyaIwZo9gXwoiFubljL9Lsffv49CNA-dNkXNVo3flGrfY4-hVaKh468eH3dHDrXLJvAG4/s320/Worker+on+the+SS+George+Washington+Carver+in+the+Richmond+Yards.jpg" /></a></div><blockquote><em>An African American worker at the Richmond Shipyards, Richmond, California, USA (April 1943) rushing the</em> SS George Washington Carver<em> ship to completion. Black skilled workers played an important part in the construction of the </em>SS George Washington Carver<em>, the second Liberty Ship named for a person of African descent, in the Richmond Shipyard No. 1 of the Kaiser Company (California).</em> </blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjTIPD0CaVMqBTsCYhcGgj4oCcPn5mAuiSwDfApIyd2NSFgpdbAFWAoaMuX20K0gk42CPNC0uvFcMnZOXFOy8533eWvsWXqXbSQOI7UYmzC5BSWv4AD8ePZTdQeoYv3PauoQ7hrKPiok4/s1600/Statute+of+George+Washington+Carver.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjTIPD0CaVMqBTsCYhcGgj4oCcPn5mAuiSwDfApIyd2NSFgpdbAFWAoaMuX20K0gk42CPNC0uvFcMnZOXFOy8533eWvsWXqXbSQOI7UYmzC5BSWv4AD8ePZTdQeoYv3PauoQ7hrKPiok4/s320/Statute+of+George+Washington+Carver.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Statute of George Washington Carver</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><object height="244" width="325"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/emER1W_OIsA&hl=en_US&fs=1?color1=0x234900&color2=0x4e9e00"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/emER1W_OIsA&hl=en_US&fs=1?color1=0x234900&color2=0x4e9e00" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="325" height="244"></embed></object></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=0590426605&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=blachisthero-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=B0002OZZFE&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></div></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-60748305201980176982010-07-05T12:28:00.000-07:002011-04-12T09:11:33.603-07:00Black Cowboys in America<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKDKdwqc2d8NHNPOHZvh_MksjbChIJfBF17OzDKC6qJbvd-oCm03FzMO8qi5QSxzCWWk7rpSarUgYAgjEFLYj2mGU2dOcDEtgC-SBivbDPZAOjnlZ8z2Ng9NvIOYhHJhNiQtfwAbgmlW4/s320/black-cowboy.jpg" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Black cowboy with horse (cir. 1890), </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Western History/Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library</strong></div><br />The black cowboy redefined the perception of what it means to be an American-born cowboy. For the black cowboy, being a cowboy became more of a way of independent family farm living that centered around family, outdoors cooking (lots of smoke outs and bar-b-ques on these farms), and maintaining a stable of horses alongside other farm raised animals. <br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitMVJXN6xNiMsso3pKD1UW8leCQ0VoTroD78z688js9og4CffqwtjIwdpQPlpNYlcuc_ED5u-2SFWN90mA1PSxN2KS7FBuNPW1N4R_FxVT8aNV3jDp7qOCqtntMzO95I5uYD3OnsuQAac/s1600/blackcowboys.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitMVJXN6xNiMsso3pKD1UW8leCQ0VoTroD78z688js9og4CffqwtjIwdpQPlpNYlcuc_ED5u-2SFWN90mA1PSxN2KS7FBuNPW1N4R_FxVT8aNV3jDp7qOCqtntMzO95I5uYD3OnsuQAac/s320/blackcowboys.bmp" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Actor Steven Williams with Madison "Nat Love" Walker </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>at a </strong><strong><em>Single Action Shooting Society</em> meeting</strong></div><br />Some years back in Chicago, I was privileged to watch a traveling black rodeo show and was invited to a cookout afterwards. Below are some of the pictures I took.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4XvUlxApc2udUUQC7pz6RNguAwQKYOcAwBC8kw8K7PbTHY48tRJCEWy3EDyWr6UXe_YOUSoBGEhRZwqjHwoX7YPrqGrDwtIduygxVX4rgvmeGibCtbNZreNme4o17P-FZyyDpM6vq2Bc/s1600/manishboyz+logo2_0004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4XvUlxApc2udUUQC7pz6RNguAwQKYOcAwBC8kw8K7PbTHY48tRJCEWy3EDyWr6UXe_YOUSoBGEhRZwqjHwoX7YPrqGrDwtIduygxVX4rgvmeGibCtbNZreNme4o17P-FZyyDpM6vq2Bc/s320/manishboyz+logo2_0004.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Black cowboys performance at a rodeo on </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>the southside of Chicago</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(cir. 1990 © Photo by Vanessa Cross)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">One activity especially revered by black cowboys is highly skilled horse sportsmanship that is the historical trademark of cowboy culture.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7ZYZK0JsJbERtRQvmCJnX60RiMwIDOdRruSmWLQc1WKbQDYTt6mxSLVAlXbY2RjaEwvN-jpagzCHS5FVKdfospT4dbujyycrxH4uVTgRufYCFPSCxTkIAhUUBY0HKl1wWzYSud_h-wRI/s1600/manishboyz+logo2_0003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7ZYZK0JsJbERtRQvmCJnX60RiMwIDOdRruSmWLQc1WKbQDYTt6mxSLVAlXbY2RjaEwvN-jpagzCHS5FVKdfospT4dbujyycrxH4uVTgRufYCFPSCxTkIAhUUBY0HKl1wWzYSud_h-wRI/s320/manishboyz+logo2_0003.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Black cowboys perform a horse show at </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Chicago rodeo presentation</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(cir. 1990 © Photo by Vanessa Cross)</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJmVv_Qmdpdmq-XOx218XZSZDgdtp69baov62qR3UCqCO14Q5W4aDVfHP_2l7TYIo-R3Yz4WHbdELJ9H4zw3Kx4v7-hM2s-Qxj1b-AC8-CfDdZ5ilogF4LhMw35Qq9pgM4Hr_MdpWtFVo/s1600/manishboyz+logo2_0009.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJmVv_Qmdpdmq-XOx218XZSZDgdtp69baov62qR3UCqCO14Q5W4aDVfHP_2l7TYIo-R3Yz4WHbdELJ9H4zw3Kx4v7-hM2s-Qxj1b-AC8-CfDdZ5ilogF4LhMw35Qq9pgM4Hr_MdpWtFVo/s320/manishboyz+logo2_0009.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Black cowboy at a cookout at his homestead in </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>southern Cook County, Illinois</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(cir. 1990 © Photo by Vanessa Cross)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmEE8eZfb8luJGyn3Jk9fAGv3oWR_dhAa8cgDWq25cXzhidhyphenhyphenAPGjseJK0WAJQ5GbVW4X6hEeQSOWzQEmljJ-rs7B-usgZv3DZiL-QuwQOSQMScXB3X4pD2B-Kez-xxRyzOh29tN4YCic/s1600/manishboyz+logo2_0001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmEE8eZfb8luJGyn3Jk9fAGv3oWR_dhAa8cgDWq25cXzhidhyphenhyphenAPGjseJK0WAJQ5GbVW4X6hEeQSOWzQEmljJ-rs7B-usgZv3DZiL-QuwQOSQMScXB3X4pD2B-Kez-xxRyzOh29tN4YCic/s320/manishboyz+logo2_0001.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Cowboy and his wife in Illinois </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Cir. 1990 © Photo by Vanessa Cross)</span></div><br />There are a number of books in print with the historical accounts of the legacy of the black cowboy and his family. <a href="http://www.blackamericanwestmuseum.com/">The Black American West Museum</a> is also a great resource for viewing original documents and things related to the history of blacks in the western United States. The museum is located in Denver, Colorado. Established in 1971 by Paul W. Stewart, it is a storehouse of photos, letters, prints, and other historical records and items left behind by blacks from the early American west. This includes records of cowboys, ranchers, homesteaders, miners, and much more.<br /><br />~ Vanessa<br /><br /><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=luxortrades-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=0803265603&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=luxortrades-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=0767912314&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-43768697662303307072010-06-25T14:42:00.000-07:002011-04-12T09:11:33.605-07:00Seydou Keïta and the Genuis of Photography<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6h64hcEfKYcnW4EtPkCy9GRCbgrgLKN-fchyphenhyphenNb-B3cRAOiCI-Nxw5-7pzpWq71RjSYkpZtmIcqifzpcvytVcihRobxwnI7EvjpUnmx5D__7tjgPZxTK_SVLu22ZYidLVer-fKAj_Bpws/s1600/portrait-Keita-Seydou-50.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ru="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6h64hcEfKYcnW4EtPkCy9GRCbgrgLKN-fchyphenhyphenNb-B3cRAOiCI-Nxw5-7pzpWq71RjSYkpZtmIcqifzpcvytVcihRobxwnI7EvjpUnmx5D__7tjgPZxTK_SVLu22ZYidLVer-fKAj_Bpws/s320/portrait-Keita-Seydou-50.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Photo of the late photographer Seydou Keïta</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Seydou Keïta was born in Bamako, Mali, Africa in 1921 (exact date unknown) and died November 21, 2001 in Paris, France. Keïta was the eldest child in a family of five children. His father, Bâ Tièkòró, and his uncle, Tièmòkò, were Malian furniture makers. Upon a return from Senegal to Mali in 1935, his uncle Tièmòkò is reported to have given Keïta a Kodak Brownie camera with film. Mountaga Traoré and French photographic supply store owner Pierre Garnier were among his biggest supporter as he honed his photography skills. <br /><br /><b>Seydou Keïta Photography Studio in Bamako, Mali</b><br /><br />In 1948, Keïta set up his first studio in the family house in Bamako-Koura, behind the main prison. This self-taught photographer captured the heart of Malian society through his exquisite photographic record of the people between 1940 and the 1960. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">"Seydou Keita was the place to go if you wanted to have a beautiful image of yourself. That was the studio to go for the local bourgeoisie and even for the middle class who wanted to grow in the social level," states gallery curator N'Gone Fall in a BBC report. Keïta's work was nationally reknown among the Malians and subsequently became world reknown as the prolific photographer's photographs began to be collected in Europe and the U.S. by museums and galleries.</div><br /><div align="center" style="visibility: visible;"><object data="http://widget-46.slide.com/widgets/slideticker.swf" height="350" style="height: 350px; width: 350px;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="350"><param name="movie" value="http://widget-46.slide.com/widgets/slideticker.swf" /><param name="quality" value="high" /><param name="scale" value="noscale" /><param name="salign" value="l" /><param name="wmode" value="transparent"/><param name="flashvars" value="cy=ms&il=1&channel=72057594050036550&site=widget-46.slide.com"/></object></div><div align="center" style="visibility: visible;"><strong>Slide show of a selection of Seydou Keita's photographs</strong></div><div style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=ms&at=un&id=72057594050036550&map=1" target="_blank"></a></div></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-67117506487740081932010-06-19T09:31:00.000-07:002011-04-12T09:11:33.608-07:00What is Juneteenth?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiglMQm82MDQm8QXg0eN-ufo9xKrj5mKzN8mTsvxyBt6pHmlN7EUbP4xSpubYtPNNiS_gB-AXBLekTY3U6YrgcGcuCZB-FRyuazwB28PfqvICsw9vWqIQ1CmfE8CJinGymNBeHUa9XmXPM/s1600/Juneteenth+Statute.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiglMQm82MDQm8QXg0eN-ufo9xKrj5mKzN8mTsvxyBt6pHmlN7EUbP4xSpubYtPNNiS_gB-AXBLekTY3U6YrgcGcuCZB-FRyuazwB28PfqvICsw9vWqIQ1CmfE8CJinGymNBeHUa9XmXPM/s200/Juneteenth+Statute.jpg" width="133" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Photo of Juneteenth Statute, Galveston Island, </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Texas, USA, commemorates </strong><strong>the</strong> <strong>reading of the </strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Emancipation Proclamation </strong><strong>at Ashton Villa, June 19, 1865</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Juneteenth is short for June 19th. It is celebrated as part of African American history, mostly in Texas and the South, to celebrate the end of slavery in the United States. It dates back to 1865 when soldiers for the federal Union, led by Major General Gordon Granger, made it to Ashton Villa near Gavleston, Texas with news that the Union won the war and human slavery was illegal. This was two and a half years after the Emancipation Proclamation was signed by the U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Texas was not made a reality until 1865, with General Granger's arrival with his Union regiment and the surrender of General Lee. This two and a half years delay in receiving the news of federal emancipation has generated many stories of how it was delivered to Texas. </div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcABQXR6uXe9NC6mD7PKa5Al1env6ySlZlX9lWWv73gAi-SUKfyt1EpMtkRrRvLfILy6ZUhAGUXZuxJi1pdz6dioU73hBBBUw4OJrfelaaOsQjJHbz87eA8F5olD1ynAFE2GKKVaM7yms/s1600/1juneteenth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcABQXR6uXe9NC6mD7PKa5Al1env6ySlZlX9lWWv73gAi-SUKfyt1EpMtkRrRvLfILy6ZUhAGUXZuxJi1pdz6dioU73hBBBUw4OJrfelaaOsQjJHbz87eA8F5olD1ynAFE2GKKVaM7yms/s320/1juneteenth.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Some say that that the Union troops waited for Texas slaveholders to reap the last cotton harvests. Others say that the messenger was murdered on his way to deliver the news of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. Some commentors report that President Lincoln just did not have full authority over the region. In either case, Africans in Texas were freed TWO AND A HALF YEARS after the official historical date for independence of Africans in the United States.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Juneteenth Statute above is a 9 foot tall bronze statue that was erected in 2005 on the grounds of Ashton Villa in Texas to commemorate an 1979 Texas legislative declaration that made June 19th a state holiday to memorialize the reading of the Emancipation Proclamation at Ashton Villa on June 19, 1865.</div><br /><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=luxortrades-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=0940880687&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=luxortrades-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=0822559749&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4156464946910055201.post-84889394497457514012010-06-19T08:48:00.000-07:002011-04-12T09:11:33.610-07:00Susan L. Taylor: Advocate for Mentoring<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div align="center"><object height="240" width="360"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/HHIsSjMbppg&hl=en_US&fs=1&color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/HHIsSjMbppg&hl=en_US&fs=1&color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="360" height="240"></embed></object></div><div align="center"><strong>Video of Susan Taylor on mentoring as a tool to </strong><br /><strong>combat the public education crisis</strong></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Born January 23, 1946 in New York, Susan L. Taylor is now Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of <i>Essence</i> magazine and founder of National CARES Mentoring. In this video she discusses countering the "pipeline to prison" course of failing schools through instituting local mentoring programs that tap into the wealth of support and know-how available from individuals within a community. Each one reach one. This clip was developed January 14, 2010 as part of The Lottery Film (thelotterfilm.com), a film by Madeleine Sackler, released in U.S. theaters May 7, 2010.</div><br /><strong>Local Mentoring Program Information:</strong><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGLwCO5A_1L1-wWOxb3xnJdlYRa09j-QsbNUPeVrYDw7qhqDzf7glg0R6xXD_J9vsx4IwElhxe0Oipc9-nambG4qXwHnc2HTDdTkDAjbFwGIyrpnS2YCiJXejjV7H_Q2x669jTrSTil1E/s1600/harlem-cares-mentoring-movement.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGLwCO5A_1L1-wWOxb3xnJdlYRa09j-QsbNUPeVrYDw7qhqDzf7glg0R6xXD_J9vsx4IwElhxe0Oipc9-nambG4qXwHnc2HTDdTkDAjbFwGIyrpnS2YCiJXejjV7H_Q2x669jTrSTil1E/s200/harlem-cares-mentoring-movement.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Harlem CARES Mentoring Movement</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJwr7o6sq2bcm1Ysvi2OH7bdUR0tXZ4qkU6h3qjX2JqGQtDciWoEMFGfXzUkOVE-78pzy_8Y_6m-iqP1cSEKAisu1BlirqL5iNYtJUiKVClid7BVJHyHImkl8GyDT8VIPJGebKavVB2Jk/s1600/atlanta+cares+mentoring+program.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJwr7o6sq2bcm1Ysvi2OH7bdUR0tXZ4qkU6h3qjX2JqGQtDciWoEMFGfXzUkOVE-78pzy_8Y_6m-iqP1cSEKAisu1BlirqL5iNYtJUiKVClid7BVJHyHImkl8GyDT8VIPJGebKavVB2Jk/s320/atlanta+cares+mentoring+program.jpg" /></a><strong></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Atlanta CARES Mentoring Movement</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">For information on starting a local school mentoring program through the National CARES Mentoring Movement, find more information on its website at caresmentoring.com.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=luxortrades-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=1400280222&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=luxortrades-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=078797952X&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></div>Internet at Every Wherehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13430497579682715412noreply@blogger.com